Jew World Order

Chemists have long believed that inserting nitrogen—a beneficial ingredient for making many pharmaceuticals and other biologically active molecules—into a carbon-hydrogen bond requires a trade-off between catalyst reactivity and selectivity. But a new manganese-based catalyst developed by University of Illinois chemists has given researchers both in one efficient, lower-cost package.

Led by Illinois chemistry professor M. Christina White, the research team published its work in the journal Nature Chemistry. The catalyst will be available commercially this fall from Sigma-Aldrich (product number 799688).

“Nitrogen is ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals and molecules that come from nature that have very potent biological activities,” White said. “The reaction we report allows chemists to take natural products and drug candidates containing alcohols and convert a carbon-hydrogen bond, three carbons away from the alcohol, to a nitrogen. Reactions that convert carbon-hydrogen bonds to carbon-nitrogen bonds could transform the solubility or biological properties of a molecule and enable accelerated drug discovery.”

Catalysts for these types of reactions based on precious metals, such as rhodium, are reactive but not very selective, which means they could react in places other than the target. Iron-based catalysts, a past achievement of White’s lab, are highly selective, precisely inserting the nitrogen, but are less reactive, only reacting with weaker types of bonds.

“It is commonly accepted that reactivity and selectivity will be inversely correlated, particularly when it comes to difficult transformations like carbon-hydrogen bond functionalization,” White said. “It’s like the difference between using a powerwasher and using a dentist’s water pick. As you become more selective, more targeted, you may become less powerful. As you get more forceful and powerful, you lose the ability to be fine-tuned.

“We have discovered a catalyst that challenges this reactivity-selectivity paradigm,” White said.

Although precious metals have been long revered for their predictable and controlled chemical reactivity, White’s group explores the properties of metals found abundantly in the Earth’s crust, which are less-documented and considered difficult to tame. After considering the distinct mechanisms of both rhodium-based catalysts and iron-based catalysts, the researchers hypothesized that manganese may fall somewhere in the middle, leading to a blending of reactivity and selectivity. However, what they found instead was that the manganese-based catalyst was very reactive—even more than rhodium—while maintaining the high degree of selectivity found in iron catalysts.

“What makes this catalyst really special is that it takes the best parts of the two catalyst families that existed and it combines them into one,” said graduate student Jennifer Griffin, a co-first author of the paper along with graduate student Shauna Paradine, now a postdoctoral researcher at Harvard University. “I’ve always thought of reactivity and selectivity in carbon-hydrogen catalysis as two mutually exclusive properties. Now, by looking at these different metals, we find that it doesn’t have to be separate. You can have both.”

Manganese also holds several advantages over rhodium and other precious metals, the researchers said. It is 10 million times more abundant than rhodium, so using it for large-scale pharmaceutical production is much more cost-effective. In addition, manganese is much less toxic. It is found in enzymes throughout the body and is used as an ingredient in multivitamins. This suggests that any pharmaceuticals or compounds made with the catalyst can have higher concentrations of the catalyst left in it, with less need for costly and lengthy purification.

“It really showcases the importance of exploring these types of metals in hopes of replacing precious metals that are more expensive,” Griffin said. “It’s exciting, looking forward to what other kinds of catalysts can be developed for other types of processes.”

The researchers hope that the combination of high reactivity and high selectivity will be a boon to other chemists working to identify and synthesize new drug candidates. A subtle tweak in the molecule’s structure or functionality by adding nitrogen or another functional group in a position that wasn’t accessible before could dramatically change the way that molecule works in the body by affecting how it interacts with other molecules or its solubility.

“In the area of medicinal chemistry, you can image that with a very selective, reactive catalyst you can put nitrogen into various sites on a molecule, which opens up a whole new area of functionality to explore,” said Jinpeng Zhao, a graduate student and co-author of the paper. “It changes the way people can modify bioactive molecules and gives new possibilities of adding function to molecules found in nature.”

For example, White’s group demonstrated its ability to alter drug candidates by chemically modifying a potential antibiotic molecule, dihydroplueromutilone, using a combination of its previously developed iron catalyst to install oxygen and the new manganese catalyst to install nitrogen.

The researchers will continue to explore earth metals for catalyzing other reactions at carbon-hydrogen bonds, opening the door to even more avenues of drug development. They also will explore other manganese-based catalyst systems to develop intermolecular reactions that do not rely on having a nearby alcohol group.

“Ultimately our goal is to develop a suite of highly reactive and selective catalysts that enable you to precisely add oxygen, nitrogen and carbon to every type of carbon-hydrogen bond in a complex molecule setting,” White said.

Explore further:
New small-molecule catalyst does the work of many enzymes

More information:
Shauna M. Paradine et al. A manganese catalyst for highly reactive yet chemoselective intramolecular C(sp3)–H amination, Nature Chemistry (2015). DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2366