Talking Points: Roots of Racism: Fear, Freedom and Ferguson Part 2

Part Two of Three

If a separate country called Africa-America existed, it would be roughly the size of Spain in terms of total population, and larger than Argentina or Ukraine.  According to the US Census Bureau, African-Americans constitute some 14% of the total US population.  About 55% of the 44.5 million black citizens reside in the South.  All the rest – some 20 million – now live in the cities of the North and West.  

If Africa-America were divided into two separate countries, Northwest Africa-America would, of course, be much larger than its southern neighbor geographically, and population-wise it would rank above all but 55 of the 193 sovereign states currently belonging to the United Nations.

These numbers represent a major inter-regional demographic shift over the past century.  And they go a long way to explaining many of the economic and social problems that are now endemic in many of our cities – crime, poverty, and all the problems we now commonly call “urban decay”.

The Great Migration

In 1910 blacks in Michigan and California constituted less than 1.0% of the population.  Florida’s black population at that time was 44% of the total; in 2010 it was a mere 16%.   African-Americans constituted over half the population of South Carolina and Mississippi, for example.  In case of South Carolina, the black population fell from 55% to 28% between 1910 and 2010; in Mississippi it fell from 56% to 37%.    

The US city with the largest concentration of African-Americans – Detroit, Michigan (82.7%) is located in the North, not the South.  Seven of the ten US cities with a population of 100,000 or more with the highest concentration of African-Americans are located in the North or West.  Excluding Washington, DC, ten of the 15 US cities with the largest number of African-Americans are located in the North or West; of these the top-ranked four are New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit – all located in the North.

Not So Great…

African-American migrants faced insuperable obstacles in the North, as well – segregation in housing and education, job discrimination, and great crippling inequality.  Blacks in the North were excluded from all but the least desirable jobs, and they could expect to get significantly less pay than whites for the same work.  Black women had no job prospects beyond domestic work often for less than a dollar a day.

The housing market for blacks was no better.  Nice neighborhoods were off-limits to blacks.  They were largely at the mercy of absentee landlords who charged black newcomers with nowhere else to go outlandishly high rents for poor housing.

The North and West

Color has also been a major factor in the history of the North and West.  It’s easy to forget about the fate of the peoples the colonists, pioneers, and settlers encountered when they “discovered” the New World and then set about to stake a claim to all of it in the name of Civilization, Progress, and Development.  Who can deny that the mass murder and forcible resettlement of surviving Native American populations happened or that it was undertaken in an effort to actually or virtually annihilate nations and tribes who were here long before the arrival of Europeans?  They were dehumanized by means of a color distinction, too:  they were “redskins” as well as “savages” (plus a long list of other derogatory terms such as “cowboy-killers” and “featherheads”). 

Apart from the fact that Northerners also had slaves prior to the Civil War, there is also a history of discrimination and segregation in northern cities, starting with the early days of the Great Migration almost exactly one century ago.  Northern and Western city-dwellers from New York and Chicago to Los Angeles and all points in between did not welcome the arrival of the first Blacks from the South to step off the trains.  Over time, the generally unfavorable attitude of whites (including recent immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe) hardened into hostility.  When blacks began moving into low-rent neighborhoods (the only “affordable” housing), whites tried to stop them and when that failed (as it often did), moved out – the beginning of the white flight, black slums, and de facto segregation of cities, suburbs, and schools across America.

The recent case involving a police “chokehold” killing of an African-American man selling untaxed cigarettes on the street in NYC is a stark reminder that Jim Crow still haunts the North as well as the South.  This time there were eyewitnesses and there’s a graphic video.  Oddly, many news stories failed to mention that the victim, Eric Garner, was black; also, most media reports did not include a photo (he was a big man reportedly weighing 350 lbs.).  Garner was taken down, gasping, “I can’t breathe! I can’t breathe!”…  

The Inner Landscape

In Ferguson, Missouri, the racial gulf is glaringly evident.  Roughly two-thirds of African-Americans say the police over-reacted in arresting protestors and journalists; only 33% of whites agree.  In 1990, Ferguson’s population was 75% white; in 2010 it was over two-thirds black.  Meanwhile, the police force in Ferguson remains overwhelming (95%) white.

It’s tempting to see Ferguson as an aberration, a throwback with no place in the mainstream of social, economic, and political life in America today.  But that is sadly not the case.  What happened in Ferguson has happened and will happen in others.  Without a major push to change the culture of ignorance, fear, and hatred, and until the cycle of interracial violence is broken, it can happen anywhere anytime.

There’s plenty of room for both fear and hatred in the social psychology of prejudice.  Ignorance is always present and it’s one problem blacks and whites share more-or-less equally.  In matters of race, however, a case can be made that fear is mainly white now.  In the Old South, blacks had good reason to fear whites; now the tables have been turned: whites fear blacks.

Editor’s Note:  The first essay in this three-part series appeared in Nation of Change on August 30, 2014.     

Source Article from http://www.nationofchange.org/talking-points-roots-racism-fear-freedom-and-ferguson-part-2-1409580854

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