US army manual details plan to co-opt NGOs

On May 13, a US army field manual titled, “Insurgencies and Countering Insurgencies,” was published and released to the public domain. In sum, the 200-page document is a handbook for various parts of the US army and marine corps, including the US National Guard and the Army Reserves, on how the fight against insurgencies is being conducted, with topics that range from legal considerations, to notes on understanding culture, and general explanations of the framework underlying counter-insurgency security operations. The manual was first established under former US General David Petraeus, during his time commanding the occupation of Iraq between 2007-2008, and updated every four to six years to show the progression of American counter-insurgency strategies.
In one of the first parts of the document that notes the involvement of NGOs, section 1-47, under the headline “Comprehensive Effort,” it states:

A comprehensive effort, at a minimum, incorporates all the capabilities of U.S. and host-nation governments, and may include intergovernmental and regional organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to address the root causes of the insurgency, in conjunction with military operations aimed at the insurgents themselves.

In another sub-section titled “Nongovernment Organizations,” the document notes that “NGOs may carry out their work with a very different frame of reference from that of the government,” and “rather than perceiving their organization as supporting the overall US or multinational stabilization effort, they may view the situation from the perspective of the victims of conflict, regardless of their affiliation with belligerent parties.”

The “we” in Powell’s statement is, of course, in relation to the US military apparatus and the NGO industry’s work in Afghanistan. It is presented as a unified aim, where the “civilized” society has arrived to the poor, wretched masses of Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere, to save them from their own shortcomings.

“Throughout this manual the relationship between NGOs and US counterinsurgency operations is described as a relation based on ‘unity of purpose’ and NGOs are even referred to as ‘unified action partners.’ The purpose of a counterinsurgency is to obtain a military defeat of an enemy. The purpose of a humanitarian agency is to provide life-saving assistance to anyone, regardless of political or military affiliations, affected by conflict (or natural disaster). There is no unity of purpose in these two objectives, and portraying them as such demonstrates an ill-informed and distorted approach to the notion of humanitarian action,” the MSF official argued.

“Islamist attack and Coalition embrace in Afghanistan and Iraq have pointed something out which many multi-mandate agencies have felt it necessary to obscure. That is – quite simply – that most secular liberal agencies that travel the world to help those suffering in war-torn societies are not simply humanitarian agencies. Like any individual and any human institution they may and must do humanitarian acts but, in contrast to ICRC, they are much more than classical humanitarian agencies. They have a clear liberal vision for society. To use an Islamic term, they represent a liberal call – a da’wa to liberalism.”

Moreover, as both military and humanitarian sectors tap into the same ideological pool, the same criticisms usual directed towards the US military establishment can be applicable for humanitarian NGOs. Issues of double standards, self-censorship of abuses by Western groups or groups aligned with Western interests, or even simple resignation of the mechanisms of co-option under the pretext of political pragmatic are examples that are relevant and cannot be ignored.

River to Sea Uprooted Palestinian   

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