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July 28th, 2020 
Awake Goy Hebrew is Greek
The true Judeans were never the Jews, but were the Greeks.
Maccabeans were jewish Greeks that slaughtered the Greeks Judeans.
Just like the persians / turks / jews invaded Greece and the lands they once owned.
Palestine was always Greek, never arab/jewish.
Mesopotamia is a greek word.
Synagogue is a greek word. etc.
The oldest scriptures in the bible came from the ancient Greeks.
The Garden of Eden came from a ancient Greek painting… nowhere else.
Judea is a Greek word.
Palestine is a Greek word.
It was all Greek, before they invaded and kept on invading.
The Spartans were kin to Abraham. 1 Maccabees 12:20-23 discusses a letter from King Arius of Sparta to Onias, the High Priest, where it is stated that a document was found indicating that Spartans and Judahites are brothers, both descended from Abraham.
greek dead sea scrolls
map of ptolemaic egypt
Forbidden History
Cycladic / Helladic / Thracians / Mycenaeans / Minoans etc. / Ancient Greeks are the original Hebrews that roamed the lands way before they invented the word Hebrew, israelite, or Jew.
There is a good reason why the Middle-East was called Mesopotamia (a Greek word) in ancient times, way before Judah etc. ever existed.
Biblical tribes Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtal, Thessalonians, Ephraim, Corinthians, Judea, Palestine, Ephesians and Manasseh… were Aegean Greek tribes
Here are some of the known ancient Greek cities in, or near, today’s Israel;
Ecdippa, Seleucia, Ptolemais, Taricheia Arbela, Asochis, Sepphoris, Hippos, Dion, Sycaminum, Bucolon Polis, Itabyrium, Gadara, Abila, Dora, Comus, Gephrus, Crocodilion Polis, Caesarea, Straton’s Tower, Narbata, Scythopolis, Pella, Samaria, Amathus, Ragaba, Gerasa, Apollonia, Sicima, Pegae, Joppa, Arimathea, Jamnia, Port of Jamnia, Lydda, Modiin, Aphaerema, Philadelphia, Birtha, Gazara, Beth Horon, Dok, Jericho, Samaga, Esbus, Medaba, Ladder of Tyre, Azotus, Port of Azotus, Accaron, Jerusalem, Ascalon, Anthedon, Gaza, Marissa, Beth Zur, Hebron, Adora, and Engeddi.
Nothing new for the Turks/Jews to steal and use other peoples ideas and identities…then calling it their own, while destroying true history and rewriting the history books.
Oldest Pyramid is in Greece… not Egypt.
All our true history has been twisted by the Khazarian Mafia.
There is NO such land called the “Holy Land”.
Long long time ago, before they were called Jews, it was called Palestina’ (Greek word) and it was the Greeks who resided there.
As they also resided in Judaea (Greek word) and they were referred as Judean-Greeks!
Evidence of Hannukah Story Found in Raised Hellenistic Fortress
Paleo-Hebrew is Paleo-Greek: Part 1: The Alphabet 1st Edition
by Travis Wayne Goodsell (Author, Translator)
ISBN-13: 978-1539739944 ISBN-10: 1539739945
HEBREW is GREEK says Liguist Hebrew Professor, Yahuda.
Yahuda has scientifically proven that both Hebrew and Aramaic are Greek in their origin, as is true with the other languages of the world.
The book disappeared from the face of the earth. It was as if an invisible hand intervened and blocked its circulation In 1982, a suppressed, ages-old, historical truth, was resurrected through the publication of a book by Becket Publications of Oxford, England (ISBN O 7289 0013 O).
The book, published in English, and titled ‘Hebrew is Greek’, was written by lawyer, linguist and researcher, Joseph Yahuda, the son of Isaac Benjamin Ezekiel Yahuda, an ethnic Jew and longtime researcher and linguist. Though Jewish both by nationality and religion, J. Yahuda could be considered a Greek– according to Isocrates’ definition of a Hellene, since his decades-long, unbiased, and meticulously thorough search reveals the linguistic relationship of numerous groups of words in Hebrew, Greek and Arabic. Work that was published without fear or hesitation by a scholar whose only concern was for the discovery of the truth.
Hebrew is Greek, preface says: ‘We found that the Jews and Spartans from the same genus come from and the affinity to Abraham‘. Preface by S. Levin who said: “It was J. Yahuda’s congeniality and my inherent curiosity that did not allow me to refuse the writing of the introduction”
Following the book’s publication, and while only a limited number of copies circulated for a few fortunate individuals, the book disappeared from the face of the earth. It was as if an invisible hand intervened and blocked its circulation. It cannot be found at any public library, it is not sold at any bookstore on earth, not even in a curiosity or antique shop. [Rare book dealers, in the U.S. and the U.K., have told TGR that there have been inquiries after the book, but that they have been unable to locate a copy anywhere. The only information available about the book throughout the world is its title. No book reviews on this book were ever published, neither positive nor negative, moderate or offensive. Nor, it seems, has there been any other evaluation of the work. One must eventually come to the inescapable conclusion that every one of the copies originally published was somehow withdrawn through some sort of a secret operation with a global reach.
Concerns posed by another Jewish intellectual who wrote the preface of the book
The research published in the book covers 718 pages. The introduction was written by Jewish professor Saul Levin, though no enthusiasm on his part was evident in his introduction. He admits that following the 1977 publication of his book entitled, The Indo-European and Semitic Languages, J. Yahuda got in touch with him, and they maintained a fruitful relationship through correspondence, though they never actually met in person. The reason for the interest in J. Yahuda expressed by S. Levin, as he himself confessed, was the publication of several writings by J. Yahuda, such as the La Palestine Revisite, written in 1928, Law and Life According to Hebrew Thought (1932) and This Democracy (n.d.), published by Pitman. Professor Levin learned of the contents of the book [from the proofs which were sent to him from time to time] for which he wrote the introduction gradually, as it had already been sent to the printer. As Professor Levin disclosed: “It was J. Yahuda’s congeniality and my inherent curiosity that did not allow me to refuse the writing of the introduction.” [For a better understanding as to why Professor Levin was not enthusiastic about writing the introduction, consider the fact that] the black Jew, Martin Bernal, has stated: “Saul Levin was among the many Jewish individuals who worked on the publication of [my] book, Black Athena.” A book which has been deemed to be a disgrace and a discredit to serious scholarship by the vast majority of specialists who have read it.
Joseph Yahuda speaks about his work
In the preface of his book, J. Yahuda notes:
This ecumenical research will be reviewed by three separate specialists, one for each language researched, although each specialist does have knowledge of the other two languages. This is not an error committed only by me. I attempted repeatedly, yet unsuccessfully, to find more scholars who would be willing to assist me in my quests. As an example of what I was up against, at the very beginning of an hours-long meeting, one potential colleague exclaimed: “All of this is garbage and we are all wasting our time.” My answer was: “Both you, and I, will be judged for the words we say, whenever we discuss my work.” I hold no hostility or bitterness because of such small-minded opposition to my belief. In fact, during the progress of my research, I twice attempted to arouse [this man’s] interest, but in vain. A little while after the meeting referred to above, I mentioned his degrading comment to Christodoulos Hourmouzios, a graduate of the University of Athens, and an acknowledged specialist on Homer, and he said: ‘ I think you are one of the greatest linguists I know’; he promised complete cooperation with me. Unfortunately, before we could begin our work, he passed away.
“There were others who admitted that they had been convinced; that something did really exist in my theory. However, they did think that my belief in the correspondence of Hebrew with Greek was rather exaggerated. They said I was too ambitious, and suggested, for my own good, that I expect less and adopt a ‘less controversial view.’ One of them, Sir Leon Simon (A British Lord of Jewish descent), a known classicist who knew Hebrew, attended my first lecture on the issue on the evening of Jan. 14th, 1959. He did this even though he was old and had to travel a long distance in bad weather and heavy fog. He introduced me, briefly and carefully, not wanting to commit himself to any decision until the end of my speech. Then, before the audience was asked to pose questions, he said the following, which I noted: ‘I don’t believe that everyone will agree with everything J. Yahuda has told us, as he may have thought that everyone understood what he was saying. Despite any doubts that may exist, I am sure of one thing. He has resolved a mystery that had created confusion for scholars for the past 2.000 years. For, if he is correct in stating that many Greek words that begin with sk were transformed in Hebrew as if sk was a digraph [a combination of two letters to make one simple sound. ed.], or one of the two letters lost, then Homer was not wrong when he left the vrachi [ abbreviated ] vowel at the beginning of the word Skamandros, as in his famous line: ‘Ον Ξανθόν καλεουσι θεοί, άνδρες δε Σκάμανδρον’. [The Gods called Xanthos, mortal men Skamandros]. I also had a fruitful interview with a scholar of international fame, which was then followed by a series of exchanges of correspondence. This correspondence ceased after he sent me a note, wherein he wrote: ‘It could also be possible that you would say that the English word ball comes from the Greek βάλλω, or that you discover a connection between chow and show since chows are exhibited at shows.
“The result was that I was obliged to fall back on my own sources, and to depend only on my own efforts, thus devoting my free time to this research for the past 30 years or more. Two things kept me going: the unfailing support of my wife, Cecile, and the unprecedented emotions we felt with every new discovery. When my wife was asked by a friend how she was sure of my work, since she knew neither Greek nor Hebrew, she answered: ‘But, I know my husband. He hates speculating, he always insists on finding proof. As a lawyer, he is able to evaluate this proof. He tells me that he has plenty of proof that is convincing, and I believe him.’ There is truly a plethora of ‘proof that is convincing’ which I have attempted to make available, not only to those technically specialized, but also to interested, non-specialist researchers.”
Hebrew is Greek by J. Yahuda: Israelites had suffered in Egypt because they were Greeks…
Yahuda realizes the significance of Greek Civilization
“I was somewhat familiar with the Bible, as stated above. My brother, Solomon, and I learned the New Testament in Hebrew translation from a copy that my father had, as part of his personal library. For years, the distant Biblical past was alive in my mind: I lived with the vision of the pyramids to such an extent, and my passion for the Bible was so great, that I developed hostile feelings for the Greeks and Romans. Strangely, this hostility did not involve the Egyptians, who were our enemies, had been the enemies of our forefathers and had so deeply influenced post-Biblical Hebrew. Neither had I been able to learn more than the necessary Latin needed for my law education and practice. However, my feelings for the Greeks and Romans have changed radically since then. Now I realize that our differences were similar to those of a civil war, as fratricidal as the taking of Troy had been, for I became convinced that the Jews are of Greek descent. This revolutionary transformation took place around the time I was thirty years old, following the publishing of my book Law and Life according to Hebrew Thought.
That year (1932), I became interested in biology as a ‘hobby’. During my haphazard study of the issue, I came across various Greek words that were strikingly similar to the Hebrew words of the Bible, and I drew the conclusion that the Greeks had borrowed them from us. I began debating the idea of whether or not I should one day begin a systematic comparison of the two languages. At that time, I was still fascinated with the more traditional studies, and, like everyone else, I believed without a doubt that the Semitic languages were Semitic and the Aryan languages were Aryan. These two could not be mixed. At the same time, though, I was thinking that it would be interesting to collect and deconstruct a complete list of groups of similar words so as to demonstrate the degree of influence of Hebrew on Greek at the time before Alexander the Great (considering that the reverse influence became stronger following his conquests). I knew very little of where this research would lead me and what the results would show.
“I had such little knowledge of Greek that all I knew were the first letters of the alphabet, knowledge that I had acquired by chance during my studies of mathematics and geometry. I remember asking my friend Gerald Emanuel, in a teashop in 1932, to write the whole Greek alphabet on the bottom of a half-written page. The years passed, but when I published my book Biology and New Medicine in 1951, I then had the opportunity to spend all of my free time on researching those possible links that I suspected existed between Biblical Hebrew and Greek. Following the acquisition of some rudimentary knowledge of Greek grammar, I submerged into the translation of the Septuagint, solely based on my memory of the meaning of the numerous pages that I had chosen to read. Then I read Homer, comparing him to the Bible. One page from the translation of the Iliad, one page from the Old Testament, line for line, page by page; I started with Genesis and the first book of the Iliad, along with the last book of the Odyssey and the 2nd book of ‘Chronicles.’ Day after day, the list of similar words grew longer, until it reached 600 words — including words related to different views and activities of life — which could not be attributed only to the borrowing factor. In any case, history has not witnessed circumstances where such elaborate borrowing would be possible on such a large scale. I was convinced that this phenomenon went past the limits of borrowing, reaching the limits of a genetic relationship. The door of genealogical descent stood before me and I could not attempt to pass through it or climb above it. It should open freely and widely and the key to this was the grammar. The only grammatical characteristics that I knew of that were common to both Greek and Hebrew, concerned the definite article and the dual number nouns [count nouns]. I stopped reading and began thinking and re-thinking the results of my non-processed research. I used the materials I had: analyzing, classifying, comparing these with the Biblical variations and the dialectic interchanges of the Greek letters, selecting specific words to be compared. Thus, my theory began to develop. Some of the Greek dialectic letters could be used interchangeably, such as the letters ‘k’ and ‘t’, ‘o’ and ‘a’, ‘s’ and ‘d.’ I also noted a curious transformation with Hebrew words: a suffix to a Greek word changed to a prefix in a Hebrew word. Early on during my research, I tested the exactness of the words and verified their meanings. As the number of tests increased, the more effective my research became, and the confidence in my theory rose.
“From the beginning, I based a lot of my work on Arabic. With my theory, it became possible for me to correct the translation of the Septuagint, using the Septuagint and the translation of the Bible, using the Bible. These discoveries cured me of my dyslexia in relationship to Greek and Hebrew and made me capable of reading a Hebrew word as if it had been a variation of the word. I formed a series of phonetic and morphology rules. I gradually gathered a number of valuable facts. Some examples are that the declension dotiki [dative] exists in Hebrew, that the masculine plural is the same in Hebrew and Greek, and that, in general, a compound Greek verb is equivalent to a Hebrew compound verb. I estimate that 9 out of each 10 words of the [Jewish] Bible can be proved to have a purely Greek equivalent. Many issues were resolved which prove that the Greeks and Jews hold some customs and religious convictions in common, whereas the Hebrew language is proven to be richer and more beautiful than believed until today because of the existence of these groups of words. This whole matter is, in practice, consistent with the following two proposals: Biblical Hebrew is Greek; and, the Jews are Asian Greeks. In reality, the conclusion of this massive, extended and complicated research can be summarized in the following brief sentence: Hebrew is ‘Greek wearing a mask.'”
An example for the rest of his co-religionists
Hebrew letters, along with their pronunciation in Hebrew appear on the left, the equivalent Greek letters and their pronunciation in the middle, and the Arabic letters and pronunciation on the right
As already stated, the research of J. Yahuda restores part of a universal truth that has fallen into oblivion for millennia. Not only is the Hebrew language “Greek wearing a mask” (in other words, a distorted version of Greek), but, as we have announced at international conventions, there is no other language on the face of the earth except Greek. A few years ago, we made this statement at a convention of the Literary Society Parnassos, titled: “The Ecumenical Character of the Greek Language,” where we used texts and images to prove this statement. All other languages are just descendants or distorted dialects of Greek, adopted by the peoples.
Finally, we present one of the tables compiled by the undaunted scholar, J. Yahuda, where Hebrew letters, along with their pronunciation in Hebrew appear on the left, the equivalent Greek letters and their pronunciation in the middle, and the Arabic letters and pronunciation on the right. In the preface, just above the table shown below, Yahuda’s first theorem is written, to wit: “The Greek and Hebrew alphabets demonstrate striking similarity insofar as the order of the letters is concerned, their names, their shapes and their pronunciation.”
We cannot omit to express our admiration for this great man, who, defying the forces of darkness and medieval ignorance, proved to be an unbiased scholar, unburdened by preconceived dogma and purposeful deception. A man who broke the bonds of mischievous misinformation so prevalent in [the past] century, and dared to defy traditional nationalistic and racist fanaticism while declaring a revolution against the international forces of power. He has achieved the level of a true Hellene. After discovering the truth, he struggled to make it known, he revealed it and he published it without fear. His acts were acts of patriotism, since he has raised his compatriots to a level approaching the Greeks. He called them “Asian Greeks.” His life and work truly pronounce him to be of equal value to a Greek, in contrast with those of his compatriots who have denounced him and his book. Is it because they are afraid or is it because they are unable to follow in his footsteps?
In Conclusion
Yahuda has scientifically proven that both Hebrew and Arabic are Greek in their origin, as is true with the other languages of the world. It is to be regretted that the speakers of this distorted Greek dialect do not take advantage of this, so as to elevate themselves to free and Christ-loving Greeks, as their compatriot Yahuda has done. Many of them prefer to live in the dark; It is a fact to be pitied that some are fanatics who hate everything Greek, especially her history and her language. In the past, many such men appeared in the Roman State as politicians, academics or administrators in the public sector, and fought against everything that was Greek. Nowadays, such men cooperate with the global powers that are propelling the world toward destruction. A destruction that can only be avoided by a rebirth of the only salvation for humanity: Greek Civilization!
View and read all the 710 pages of the book here…
Source: This article was written by Attorney, linguist, and researcher, Konstantinos G. Georganas, for Davlos. Feb. 1999 issue, pp.12931-12937.
700,000 years old Skull discovered in Greek cave, completely shatters the Out of Africa theory
700,000 years old Skull discovered in Greek cave, completely shatters the Out of Africa theory
The “Petralona man”, or “Archanthropus of Petralona”, is a 700,000-year-old human skulldiscovered in 1959. Since then, scientists have been trying to trace this skull’s origin, a process that has caused considerable controversy.
The skull, indicating the oldest human “europeoid” (presenting European traits), was embedded in a cave’s wall in Petralona, near Chalkidiki in Northern Greece. The cave, rich in stalactites and stalagmites, was accidentally located by a shepherd. Dr. Aris Poulianos, an expert anthropologist, member of the UNESCO’s International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences and founder of the Anthropological Association of Greece, was assigned a research on the cave and skull.
Before that, Dr. Poulianos was already known for his thesis on “The origin of the Greeks”. His thesis was based on craniological and anthropometrical studies of Modern Greek populations, which proved that modern Greeks are related to ancient Greeks and that they are not the descendants of Slavic nations. After the extensive study on the 700,000-year-old skull, he concluded that the “Petralona man” was not connected to the species that came out of Africa. His arguments were mainly based on the skull’s almost perfect orthography, the shape of its dental arch, and the occipital bone construction. According to the “Out of Africa” theory, “anatomically modern humans” known as “Homo sapiens” originated in Africa between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago before spreading to the rest of the world. This theory was related to the fact that most prehistoric fossils were found in Africa.
In 1964, two German researchers, anthropologist E. Breitinger and paleontologist O. Sickenberg, who were invited to Greece, suggested that the skull was actually 50,000 years old, thus rejecting Dr. Poulianos’ theory. Moreover, Breitinger claimed that the skull belonged to the “first African out of Africa”. A few years later, in 1971, US Archaeology magazine confirmed Poulianos’ statement. According to the scientific magazine, the existence of a cave dating back more than 700,000 years and human presence in almost every geological layer were ascertained. Additionally, the magazine affirmed that human presence became evident from the discovery of Paleolithic tools of the same age and the most ancient traces of fire that was ever lit by human hand. The research continued from 1975 to 1983, when the excavation stopped and findings remained inaccessible to study until 1997.
Today, 50 years after the discovery of the “Petralona man”, modern methods of absolute chronology confirm Dr. Poulianos’ theory. Most academics believe that the skull belongs to an archaic hominid with strong European traits and characteristics of Homo erectus, Neanderthals and sapiens, but they distinguish it from all these species. This incredible discovery raises new questions on human evolution, and certainly challenges the “Out of Africa” theory.
Source: www.learning-mind.com
References
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Ancient Greeks were in contact with Africans, in ancient times.The Aricans were known as to them as ΑΙΘΙΟΠΕΣ Ethiopians. The word Ethiopians comes from the Greek Aithiopia, from Aithiops, derived from the words αἴθω(burn) and ὤψ(face). It translates as (sun)burnt look.
Minoan colonies in America?
Minoans and Mycenaeans on the Atlantic coast
The “suspect” mines
Minoan sea cruises in the sea of Kronos (North Atlantic)
Plutarch on Canada
So What..
Traces and intrigues in the New World
Self proclaimed Archaeologists – Messiahs
Indians with Cretan DNA
Should we rewrite the books?
Related:
Prehistoric connections Crete / Norway . English version
http://araenil.wordpress.com/2011/06/26/evidence-of-prehistoric-connections-crete-norway/
Cherokees Spoke Greek and Came from East Mediterranean – See more at:http://dnaconsultants.com/announcements/cherokees-spoke-greek-and-came-from-east-mediterranean#sthash.65D24aXH.dpuf
Caledonia: The Ancient Name for Scotland has a Greek Connection
Caledon (ΚΑΛΥΔΩΝ in Greek) is the name of an ancient city-state in the region of Aetolia in Western Greece. The oldest reference to Caledon comes from Homer. Homer mentions Caledon as one of the Aetolian cities that participated in the Trojan war. Homer also states that Caledon was protected by walls. The Trojan war probably took place during the Mycenaean period 1600 to 1100 BC. Also excavations in Caledon show that a city existed during the same period. Some researchers have reached the conclusion that the city was found in the 3rd millennium BC. From all the above, we can deduce that the Caledonian Greeks had a long history and had reached a level of technology that allowed them to travel long distances.
According to Hughes (1) a wave of Greek migrations took place around 1250BC. One of these groups were the Caledonians Greek migrated to other areas. Some Caledonians went to the British isles and became the British Caledonians while others moved to East Anatolia where they found the kingdom of Uratu and became known as the Chaldians. There is plenty of evidence (such as the Rillaton Cup) and accounts suggesting that ancient Greek tribes travelled to Britain.
Mainstream history supports that Caledon was just a name given to a large part of Scotland by the Romans. But where did the Romans get the name from? Romans used the Greek location names in most cases but naturally changed it into Latin. It is likely that the name Caledonia was used by the Romans because it was the name already established by the Greeks.
Sources
(1) D. Hughes. The British Chronicles, Volume 1, Heritage Books, 2007.
Ancient Greek explorer Pytheas may have discovered Britain and even the Arctic Ocean and Iceland
Exploration is a concept that holds a special place in the mind. We are driven by the wish to explore, to know the unknown. Even today, we need to find out many things about our planet; we are still missing pieces of the enormous puzzle called knowledge. At the same time we are embarking on a different journey, a journey that will take us to the stars. It’s a new “unknown” that makes the game of discovery interesting again. If we look back, it’s not wrong to say that the Ancient Greeks were in a similar position.
During the Golden Age of the Ancient Greek Empire (500-350 B.C.), Hellenic culture was at its peak. Every element of society bloomed. The people decided to take a different perspective on the world and set the foundations of modern philosophy, science, politics, and art. They also did one more important thing. They started expanding, either by trade or by war, and thus the Ancient Greeks created their first colonies across the Mediterranean.
The thirst for more riches, mixed with curiosity, shaped the first explorers–the ones who would become the archetype for people like Roald Amundsen or Captain Scott. Ancient Greek sailors started venturing farther than the Mediterranean, out of those well-known waters and into the fog of territories that they had only heard of in their mythical stories, or the speeches or writings of the contemporary philosophers and historians. Imagine them navigating their ships farther north or south than any of their compatriots, unsure whether they would encounter other men, or gods, or mythical creatures. Most important of all, they documented most of their adventures and places they visited in a type of manuscript called a periplus. One such ancient explorer was a successful trader and mariner called Pytheas, born in the Greek colony of Massalia (which is the city of Marseille today). Sometime about 325 B.C., Pytheas began a voyage that would lead him to the discovery of Britain, northwestern Europe, and even guide him as far as the Arctic Ocean.
Statue of Pytheas outside the Palais de la Bourse, Marseilles.Author: CC BY-SA 3.0
Unfortunately, no written word survived from Pytheas, and we only know about his travels through excerpts and quotations from him in the works of later ancient authors such as Timaeus, Pliny, Strabo, or Diodorus of Sicily. According to the most widely accepted historical theory, all of the information about Pytheas’ journey was taken from his travelogue, which was probably called On the Ocean (Peri tou Okeanou). According to the experts, this was not a typical periplus; it was more personal, written with an artistic sense, and contained a broad spectrum of information (astronomical, geographic, biological, oceanographic, and ethnological), unlike a standard periplus, which was a more basic navigational report.
Although not everything is certain and factual about the journey of Pytheas, modern researchers have made an attempt to determine his actual trajectory of movement based on all the data that is available in the fragments. So where did he really go and which places did he visit?
The most accepted theory is that Pytheas started his journey from his home port of Massalia and from there he headed west through the Strait of Gibraltar (the passage was known back then as the Pillars of Hercules). When he reached the Atlantic, he sailed north along the coast of Spain and France. It is possible that at this point he landed at Brittany, in northwest France, for a short time. From there, he crossed the English Channel and arrived at a place he called “Belerion.” Most historians believe that this is modern-day Cornwall. The ancient writer Strabo mentions that Pytheas called the new land he discovered “Bretannike.” Diodorus of Sicily, on the other hand, uses the word “Pretannia” and he called its inhabitants Pretanni. Either way, this sounds a lot like Britain.
If we take these writings as fact, Pytheas became the first Ancient Greek traveler to discover Britain. In his lost manuscript he described life in the new land he visited. According to the fragments, the British mined tin and traded it to Gaul, sending the tin to the Mediterranean eventually. He observed that the people of Britain lived in thatched cottages and stored their grain reserves in underground silos. He also explained that the British people were ruled by many kings, and they were not fighting each other. Furthermore, Pytheas gave a geographical description of Britain. He mentioned that opposite continental Europe is the province of Kantion (Kent). Several days’ travel from Kantion was the province of Belerion (which is almost definitely Cornwall). The third place in Britain he mentioned is Orkas (probably the biggest of the Orkney Islands). This looks like a description of three different points in Great Britain, which could mean that Pytheas circumnavigated the British Isles. Even if this is not true, he was the first foreigner that gave a written description of Britain at the time.
Thule archaeological site. Author: Ansgar Walk CC BY-SA 2.5
This was not the end of Pytheas’ explorations. After he finished sailing around Britain, his journey took a mythical twist. It is believed that Pytheas continued sailing north and entered the North Sea. During this part of his epic journey, he claimed that he discovered Thule–a mythical and hypothesized piece of land that according to scholars of the time (and even in the Middle Ages) lay at the edge of the world. In other words, Pytheas claimed that he reached the end of the world. Today, these are two theories of what Pytheas’ Thule might have been in reality. Some scholars think that Thule is actually Iceland, while others think it is somewhere in Norway.
One thing is for sure–Pytheas described a phenomenon that wasn’t part of the experience of someone who lived his whole life in the Mediterranean. He wrote that at Thule there is no night during the summer solstice. This could only mean that Pytheas reached the Arctic Circle, but where exactly?
Ancient authors mention that Pytheas reached Thule after sailing for six days north of Britain. They say that he began his voyage at an island called Berrice. It is possible that this is the Island of Lewis in the Scottish Outer Hebrides. If this is the case, Thule is probably somewhere close to modern-day Trondheim, Norway. Pytheas didn’t stop here. According to the fragments, Thule was a day’s sail from a frozen sea. (Ancient writers used the phrase pepeguia thalatta, which translates as “solidified sea.”) Many believe that this is a description of the Arctic Ocean. The surviving pieces of writing regarding this stretch of the journey are the most enigmatic. Ancient authors describe a place in which earth, water, and air exist as one substance. The speak of a so-called “sea-lung” in which all of these elements are held. According to scholars, there are two possible explanations for this. Pytheas either described a phenomenon that is known today as “pancake ice,” or spoke about jellyfish, which were also called “sea-lungs” (pleumon thalattios). If assumptions are correct, Pytheas could be considered the first Arctic explorer.
Stonehenge Closeup
On the way back, Pytrheas probably passed along the coast of ancient Germany, and allegedly met with the Gutones–a tribe that lived around a big estuary. It is also possible that he landed on the Island Heligoland, which is known to possess huge reserves of amber, a material of which the Ancient Greeks were very fond. Some historians even think that this whole trip was motivated by the idea of finding more sources of amber. Some of the theories about Pytheas’ travels claim that he went farther and sailed into the Baltic Sea, and even came to the Vistula River in modern-day Poland.
Whatever the truth may be, the story of Pytheas is inspirational. He might not be historical as much as he is legendary, but still, an explorer. One could only wish to read the original manuscript of this early European odyssey.
“…The Fisi and the Boios, who live in the Erkynion Forest, attacked proactively the Kimvrous in this land, and were undertaken by the Voions in the Istron…This land of this ancient osper was of the Celts, it was surroundedby mostly by a river, even -d- the Nations ot the Celts Boios…”(Strabo,” Geography “Vol. VII p 293, vol. II, E, I, G, 212 – 213, and 6. 312, 20 – 25).“
“…So, in the outbreaks in Europe, circuit by the Istrou sea, coming from the head of the Adriatic to the Sacred mouth of Istria, is the Greek and Macedonians and Epirus (north Greek Nations)…”.
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| Strabo |
In the writings of the great Greek historian Strabo, we discover the sovereignty of the Greeks. And they aren’t words of a random person, but one of the biggest leading perhaps, ancient geographers and do these lines are solid proof and clearly historical sources. Can it be any objection?
So, what does he say?
That the limits of the Greeks to the north, reached the Danube and the inlet of the Adriatic Sea. The Boios, who penetrated the German forests and populated them were named over the centuries, Boch. The French, call the Germans Boch (= Boios).
But lets see the presence of Greeks in England. The Cretan culture monument of Stonehenge, with performances of the swastika ( ancient Greek symbol – stolen by Hitler…) is one of the most clear proof of the presence of ancient Eteocretans in old Albion.
Because Eteocretans, as the best sailors of the era, had reached the island and even supplied from there the ore of tin. The swastika was a symbol both of the Greeks at the time of the gods and at the age of copper. The Aryan (white) women of India have as a Talisman symbol the swastika, even until today.
Homer says: “… I came in the deep ocean at the edge of the world. There is the city and the people of the Cimmerians. Dark clouds surround them from everywhere, the poor Cimmerians, them … “(Homer ‘Odyssey’ Raps. Q lyrics. 181-184 and Raps. L lyrics. 14 and 15).
Through the lyrics of the epic poet, Homer, we see that the Greeks moved to the North not only for settlement purposes and for commercial purposes. The Kimvri are allegedly the indigenous people of Northern Europe, and the Lygians. None other than the known and the verses of Homer referred as Cimmerians.
In the Irish book «Leadhar gadhal» we read: “In 1240 BC arrived in the country from the islands of the West twenty-four pairs of colonists, led by a Greek prince named Bartoli. Those people became, in time, 5000. But they all died from some kind of illness and were buried collectively, outside Dublin, in their ancestral traditions.Then, men disembarked breed Fig Bolg, Gallionib (Belgians and Gauls). After them came to Ireland, coming from the islands of the West, men of the tribe of Tuatha de Dadan. They were divine originated men and had brought along their magic tools, swords, spears, etc., and the stone of ‘Fate’, upon which sat the Irish Kings to inspire good works.
All these invaders once fought first against Fomure, monstrous giants who lived there before them, began after one exhausting war between them. Finally the winners were the men’s race of Tuatha de Dadan. The last battle was in Motura, near Kong (Sorcerer County). And then was lost the hegemony of the Giants in Ireland.
Certainly you can see the similarity of the Danaans in the tribe of Tuatha de Dadan. But even collate that the stone of “Fate” which was a piece of rock in the cave on Mount Ida in Crete (Greece)… Within that cave, layed awake every nine years Minos of Crete the A, expecting the outpouring of great Zeus in laws should adopt laws to govern his subjects. On this stone sat and later Kings of Ireland, expecting that same outpouring of ancestral god Zeus, the laws they ought to take for the just governance of the Irish.The Irish boast that they are descendants of the Celts and as evidenced by the historical Leadhar gadhal, Celts were of Greek origin.
VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUfN6ZiUPnU
SCOTLAND: The Land Of The Ancient Greeks…
Scotland, etymologically means the Land of Darkness.
The language, as many years pass, always tells the truth.
When the Minoans and Mycenaeans were looking for tin they found, in fact, a large amount in the islands north of Heracleidae Columns. These islands were named Kassiterides Islands (Κασσιτερίδες Νήσους).
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| Keras of Aeolus – Horn Aeolus – Cormwall |
The Greeks arriving there, in the south-western part of England, were always caught the strong winds, and so named the peninsula Keras of Aeolus.
When the Romans later had the sovereignty of the area, gave the same name in the region, with the difference that the Romans name for the keras, is horn (Horn-Aiolou). From there, with little alteration, Corn-Aeolus-Corn-walus, reached us today be called Cornwall. The land above, the Greeks called it Scotland, because of the fog and darkness that prevailed there.
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| Cornwell beach |
When the British where maping the area, and asked how the locals called the islands, the natives answered Trisnisi (means in Greek: The three islands)!
The englishmen, without knowing exactly what it means gave the name Iland, plural Isles, and we have the name TRESHNISH ISLES!!!!
A little below we Iona, in Nova Scotia (!) {reminds you of Ionnes, the ancient Greek tribe?}, just to the right an area called Argilos (!) {Greek word meaning Argile, where and below the town of Ayr (a) {Aeras in Greek: Air, wind).
It is a fact that Scots and Irish consider, based on theit mythology, that their ancestors are the Mycenaeans!
And a few words: Donisis (Gr.) meaning vibration = dance, oROFi = Roof, Oros meaning Mount = the ore came from Mt = ORE, Dagono means bite = Dog = Dangonei = DANG…
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| Scotland |
Also in 1991 at the estuary of the river Ems in Bay Bigksmpery – N. England – were discovered the remains of a shipwreck which was carrying bars of cassiterite [A dating method with carbon-14 found the date to be in about 4,000 BC. Minoan inscriptions (from the 2nd Millennium BC) have occasionally been found in varius archaelogical excavations from Anatolia and the Iberian Peninsula,even to Metcalf – cape in the East Coast of the USA!
Even the English Professor Barry Cunliffe, argues that the amber trade was very common among Nordic peoples and the Greeks as early as 2,000 BC and that suggested in numerous findings from the Gouessex, England, the Mycenaean cities and on the coasts of France and Germany. Great story that will not ever be written.]
Research about Pytheas, the ancient Greek seaman and traveller, who gave accounts of travelling to the British Isles in ancient times.
Greeks colonised in all directions in pre-classical times, to the north too.
You also might like our article IRELAND – The Greek roots of the Irish.
Ancient Greeks may have built China’s famous Terracotta Army – 1,500 years before Marco Polo
‘We have discovered something more important even than the Terracotta Army,’ says Chinese archaeologist
Ancient Greeks artists could have travelled to China 1,500 years before Marco Polo’s historic trip to the east and helped design the famous Terracotta Army, according to new research.
The startling claim is based on two key pieces of evidence: European DNA discovered at sites in China’s Xinjiang province from the time of the First Emperor in the Third Century BC and the sudden appearance of life-sized statues.
Before this time, depictions of humans in China are thought to have been figurines of up to about 20cm.
But 8,000 extraordinarily life-like terracotta figures were found buried close to the massive tomb of China’s First Emperor, Qin Shi Huang, who unified the country in 221BC.
The theory – outlined in a documentary, The Greatest Tomb on Earth: Secrets of Ancient China, to be shown on BBC Two on Sunday – is that Shi Huang and Chinese artists may have been influenced by the arrival of Greek statues in central Asia in the century following Alexander the Great, who led an army into India.
But the researchers also speculated that Greek artists could have been present when the soldiers of the Terracotta Army were made.
One of the team, Professor Lukas Nickel, chair of Asian art history at Vienna University, said: “I imagine that a Greek sculptor may have been at the site to train the locals.
Other evidence of connections to Greece came from a number of exquisite bronze figurines of birds excavated from the tomb site. These were made with a lost wax technique known in Ancient Greece and Egypt.
There was a breakthrough in sculpture particularly in ancient Athens at about the time when the city became a democracy in the 5th century BC.
Previously, human figures have been stiff and stylised representations, but the figures carved on the Parthenon temple were so life-like it appeared the artists had turned stone into flesh.
Their work has rarely been bettered – the techniques used were largely forgotten until they were revived in the Renaissance when artists carved statues in the Ancient Greek style, most notably Michelangelo’s David.
Dr Li Xiuzhen, senior archaeologist at the tomb’s museum, agreed that it appeared Ancient Greece had influenced events in China more than 7,000km.
“We now have evidence that close contact existed between the First Emperor’s China and the West before the formal opening of the Silk Road,” the expert said.
“This is far earlier than we formerly thought.
“We now think the Terracotta Army, the acrobats and the bronze sculptures found on site have been inspired by ancient Greek sculptures and art.”
And Professor Zhang Weixing, lead archaeologist at the tomb site, said: “The archaeological work undertaken here recently is more important than anything in the last 40 years.
“By systematically examining the First Emperor’s main tomb and subsidiary burials we have discovered something more important even than the Terracotta Army.”
The mitochondrial DNA samples revealed Europeans had settled down in China and died there during the time of the First Emperor and even before then.
Hamish Mykura, of the National Geographic Channel, which made the documentary with the BBC, said: “The scope of these archaeological finds and what they mean for world history are astonishing.
“The new revelation that two of the world’s ancient super powers may have been in contact is a vital reminder today of the need for intercultural communication on a global scale.”
And BBC presenter Dan Snow said: “I hope audiences will find the new evidence as astonishing and thought-provoking as I did.
“It is extraordinary to think that history as we know it is changeable.”
The Terracotta Army – more than 8,000 figures buried less than a mile from the tomb – was found in 1974, but new geophysical survey evidence suggests the complex is much bigger than previously thought at 200 times the size of Egypt’s Valley of the Kings.
And the bones of 10 young women buried with precious jewellery made of gold and pearls have been found at the site.
Disturbingly, it is thought these women were the First Emperor’s concubines, who were murdered and mutilated as part of his funeral. There are 99 similar graves.
And the skull of a very high-ranking male was found with a crossbow bolt embedded in the back of the skull.
It is thought the bolt was fired at close range, suggesting the man was executed.
Chinese archaeologists believe it could be the remains of Prince Fu Su, the First Emperor’s eldest son, who was murdered along with his siblings by their younger brother Prince Hu Hai following their father’s death. The grave contains a total of seven different bodies, all of whom had been killed.
Geneticist Traces Mysterious Origins of Native Americans to Middle East, Ancient Greece
The idea that Native Americans are descended from ancient Jews, Egyptians, or Greeks has been a controversial one for hundreds of years. James Adair, an 18th century settler who traded with Native Americans for 40 years, wrote that their language, customs, and social structures were similar to those of the Israelites.
He wrote in his book “The History of the American Indians”: “It is a very difficult thing to divest ourselves, not to say, other persons, of prejudices and favourite opinions, and I expect to be censured by some for opposing commonly received sentiments, or for meddling with a dispute agitated among the learned ever since the first discovery of America.”
Related Coverage
Native American OriginsIn more recent years, similar observations by Dr. Donald Panther-Yates have even met with what Yates described as “hate mail” from indigenous studies professors.
It is commonly held that Native Americans descended from Mongolians. In 2013, a study published in the journal Nature acknowledged that some ancient European ancestry is possible. The DNA from a 24,000-year-old corpse in Siberia was analyzed. It showed no resemblance to Asian populations, only to European, yet it showed a clear connection to Native Americans. But the mainstream scientific community is far from embracing the theory that Native Americans descended from ancient Middle-Eastern or Greek peoples as Yates and some others have proposed.
Yates is of Cherokee descent, he has a Ph.D. in classical studies, and he founded the genetics research institution DNA Consultants. These three credentials have given him a unique perspective on Native American history as it relates to these ancient cultures, and how DNA testing can support the theoretical link.
Genetic Similarities
Native Americans are generally thought to fit into five genetic groups, known as haplotypes, each named by a letter of the alphabet: A,B,C,D, and X.
Yates demonstrated in a paper titled “Anomalous Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in the Cherokee,” what he calls the fallacy behind many genetic analyses: “[The geneticists say] ‘Lineage A, B, C, D, and X are American Indian. Therefore, all American Indians are lineage A, B, C, D, and X.’ The fallacy in such reasoning is apparent. It could be restated as: ‘All men are two-legged creatures; therefore since the skeleton we dug up has two legs, it is human.’ It might be a kangaroo.”
Any divergence from the expected haplotypes is usually attributed to an intermingling of races after European colonization, not to the genes that came with Native Americans from their origin.
After analyzing Cherokee DNA, Yates concluded, “No such mix could have resulted from post-1492 European gene flow into the Cherokee Nation.”
“So where do our non-European, non-Indian-appearing elements come from?” he asked. “The level of haplogroup T in the Cherokee (26.9 percent) approximates the percentage for Egypt (25 percent), one of the only lands where T attains a major position among the various mitochondrial lineages.”
Yates focused on haplotype X for “its relative absence in Mongolia and Siberia and a recently proven center of diffusion in Lebanon and Israel.”
In 2009, Liran I. Shlush at the Israel Institute of Technology published a paper in the journal PLOS ONE stating that the X haplotype spread through the world from the Hills of Galilee in northern Israel and Lebanon. Yates wrote: “The only other place on earth where X is found at an elevated level apart from other American Indian groups like the Ojibwe is among the Druze in the Hills of Galilee in northern Israel and Lebanon.”
Cultural, Linguistic Similarities
Though much of the Cherokee culture has been lost, noted Yates in his book “Cherokee Clans,” what can still be discovered about the legends hints at ancestors who came across the sea and whose language was similar to ancient Greek. Some linguistic parallels have also been drawn between the Native American languages and Egyptian and Hebrew.
The Cherokee’s white demigod Maui may have his roots in a Libyan leader of a fleet dispatched by the pharaoh Ptolemy III before 230 B.C., Yates explained. “Maui” is similar to the Egyptian words for “guide” or “navigator.” Maui was said to have brought all civilized arts and crafts. He gave the Cherokee their title for principal chief, Amatoyhi or Moytoy, said Yates, which translates as “mariner” or “admiral.”
He recounted a Cherokee Twister Clan legend that named Maui’s father as Tanoa. Yates said Tanoa may refer to a Greek. “Tanoa was the father of all fair-haired children and came from a land called Atia,” he wrote.
Atia may refer to Attica, a historical region encompassing the Greek capital, Athens. Atia was said to be a place “full of high alabaster temples,” one of which “was very spacious, and was built as a meeting-place for gods and men.” At this place, one found sporting competitions, games, feasts to the gods, meetings of great chiefs, and the origin of wars that caused people to spread over the Pacific.
“One could hardly invent a more fitting folk memory of Greek culture,” Yates wrote. “The Hawaiian word that epitomized this lost world is karioi, ‘leisure, ease,’ literally the same word in Greek for ‘amusements.’” Yates notes numerous other linguistic similarities.
Related Coverage
“According to the Keetoowah Society elders, the Cherokee once spoke a non-Indian language akin to Hopi, but gave it up and adopted Mohawk to continue to live with the Iroquois. The ‘old tongue’ seems to have many elements of Greek, the language of Ptolemaic Egypt and ancient Judeans,” he said.
Adair noted linguistic similarities between Native American languages and Hebrew.
As in Hebrew, Native American nouns have neither cases nor declensions, wrote Adair. Another similarity is the lack of comparative or superlative degrees. “There is not, perhaps, any one language or speech, except the Hebrew and the Indian American, which has not a great many prepositions. The Indians, like the Hebrews, have none in separate and express words. They are forced to join certain characters to words, in order to supply that great deficit,” he wrote.
A Perspective From the Past
Adair offers a perspective on the culture Yates cannot. Adair interacted extensively with the Native Americans hundreds of years ago, while their traditions were still thriving. Of course, the extent to which he may have misunderstood that culture as an outsider must be taken into account.
“From the most exact observations I could make in the long time I traded among the Indian Americans, I was forced to believe them lineally descended from the Israelites, either while they were a maritime power, or soon after the general captivity, the latter however is the most probable,” Adair wrote.
They had a similar tribe organization, he said. Their manner of delimiting time was similar, as was their custom of having a most holy place, and their designation of prophets and high-priests.
He gave an example of a similar custom: “Correspondent to the Mosaic law of women’s purification after travel, the Indian women absent themselves from their husbands and all public company, for a considerable time.”
Related Coverage
He explained the absence of circumcision among Native Americans thus: “The Israelites were but forty years in the wilderness, and would not have renewed the painful act of circumcision, only that Joshua inforced it; and by the necessary fatigues and difficulties, to which as already hinted, the primitive Americans must be exposed at their first arrival in this vast and extensive wilderness, it is likely they forbore circumcision, upon the divine principle extended to their supposed predecessors in the wilderness, of not accepting sacrifice at the expense of mercy. This might soothe them afterwards to wholly to reject it as a needless duty, especially if any of the eastern heathens accompanied them in their travels in quest of freedom.”
It seems the Cherokee people have had mixed feelings about Yates’s work. While the Central Band of Cherokee website has posted a summary of Yates’s research, some online comments indicate that some Cherokee have been reluctant to stand behind such claims or to involve themselves in the controversy.
In writing about the Cherokee Paint Clan, Yates stated: “Some of them practiced Judaism, although United Keetoowah [a Cherokee organization] elders vehemently deny this.”
Follow @TaraMacIsaac on Twitter and visit the Epoch Times Beyond Science page on Facebook to continue exploring the new frontiers of science!
Cherokees Spoke Greek and Came from East Mediterranean
Possum Creek Stone and Anomalous Cherokee DNA Point to Eastern Mediterranean Origins
In memoriam Gloria Farley
Donald N. Yates
DNA Consultants
Keynote address for Ancient American History and Archeology Conference, Sandy, Utah, April 2, 2010
SUMMARY Three examples of North American rock art are discussed and placed in the context of ancient Greek and Hebrew civilization. The Red Bird Petroglyphs are compared with Greek and Hebrew coins and the Bat Creek Stone. The Possum Creek Stone discovered by Gloria Farley is identified as a Greek athlete’s victory pedestal. The Thruston Stone is interpreted as a record of the blending of Greek, Cherokee, Native American, Egyptian and Hebrew civilization. Keetoowah Society traditions, as captured in The Vision of Eloh’, are adduced to confirm a general outline of the origins of the Cherokee people in a Ptolemaic Greek trans-Pacific expedition joining pre-arriving Greeks, Jews and Phoenicians in the Ohio Valley around 100 c.e. Recent DNA investigations showing Egyptian, Jewish and Phoenician female lineages and the Y chromosome of Old Testament Priests among the Cherokee are also touched upon. Greek words and customs in the Cherokee are reviewed as time permits. Slide projector requested.
A cave entrance overlooking the Redbird River, a tributary of the South Fork of the Kentucky River in Clay County, Kentucky in the Daniel Boone National Forest, has inscriptions which according to Kenneth B. Tankersley of the University of Cincinnati display a nineteenth-century example of writing in the Cherokee syllabary. A local resident (Burchell) recognizes Greek writing in one inscription (called Christian Monogram #2) but his reading is unsatisfactory for a number of reasons. Evaluation by experts in Greek and Semitic epigraphy identifies two distinct inscriptions, one in Greek and one in Hebrew. They appear to be contemporaneous with the Bat Creek Stone unearthed in the 1889 excavation of a tomb in East Tennessee by Cyrus Thomas of the Smithsonian Institution.
Another record of Greek-speaking people in ancient America is the Possum Creek Stone, discovered by Gloria Farley in Oklahoma in the 1970s. It is discussed by her in Volume 2 of In Plain Sight as proof that the man history knows as Sequoyah did not invent the Cherokee syllabary. The inscription can be read as Greek, HO-NI-KA-SA or ‘o nikasa, i.e. “This is the one who takes the prize of victory,” a common inscription for the pedestal upon which victors were crowned at athletic games. The use is Homeric, and the spelling Doric.
A third piece of evidence helps fill in the background of the arrival of Greeks and their intermarriage with Asiatic and other Indians in North America. In 1870, an engraved 19 x 15 inch limestone tablet was uncovered in a mound excavation on Rocky Creek near Castalian Springs in Sumner County, Tennessee (see Ancient American, vol. 12, no. 77). Dating to an earlier time than its Mississipian Period context, it commemorates a peace treaty between the Cherokee and Shawnee. The Cherokee chief wears a horse-hair crested helmet and carries the spear and shield of a Greek hoplite. His Shawnee adversary clasps hands in a wedding ceremony with a Cherokee woman who bears wampum belts as a pledge of peace, has her hair in a maidenly bun, wears a Middle Eastern-style plaid kilt, and displays a large star of David. In the Red Record or Walam Olum, we learn that before crossing the Mississippi, somewhere along the south bank of the Missouri, the Algonquians or Lenni Lenape (Delaware Indians), who are later allied with the Cherokee, encounter a foreign tribe they call the Stonys. Cherokee legends about Stone-coat demonstrate that the original Cherokee had metal armor and weapons. DNA studies confirm a mixture of “anomalous” East Mediterranean mitochondrial lineages such as Egyptian T, Greek U and Phoenician X with “standard” American Indian haplogroups A, B, C and D in the Cherokee and certain other Eastern Woodlands Indians.
To sum up, the Red Bird Petroglyph is a Greek inscription from the 2nd to 3rd century c.e., not a crude Cherokee scratching of around 1800 as announced recently by the Archeological Institute of America and the New York Times. It occurs above what is, in all likelihood, an inscription in Maccabean-era Hebrew. The Sequoyan syllabary for which these Greek and Hebrew inscriptions were mistaken originated in the Greek world of the Bronze Age along with other syllabaries like Linear A, Linear B and Cypro-Minoan. The Cherokee language, which today is Iroquoian, is the result of a relexification process in the distant past. It contains many relics of words of Greek origin, especially in the area of government, military terminology, mythology, athletics and ritual. Cherokee music also reflects Greek origins. The Cherokee Indians are, quite literally, the Greeks of Native America.
Possum Creek Stone and Anomalous Cherokee DNA Point to East Mediterranean Origins (PPT)
Greek Words and Customs in Cherokee
Greek |
Meaning |
Cherokee |
Meaning |
alomenoidakosdasistynchanaetheloikeoi*gennadashuios Diosillo, illas*kakotechneokanonkaranoskateis*keruxmona*neika*Ogygesouktennaoulountataskiastixtanawa*(hoi en) teleitheatas*theatronThraxtypho |
wanderers (in a hopeless sense)noxious, devouring beast, whalehairy, shaggy like a beastthings that befallvolunteer settlersnobleSon of Zeus (title of Herakles)wrap, twist; ropebase arts, perjury, fraudstraight-edge used by athletesa chiefassemblyheraldstopping place, way-stationcontesttitan of Greek mythologyone not killeddeclared healthyghost, shadeabominableastronomical instrumentthose in authorityspectator in a playtheater, assemblyThracianraise a smoke, make sacrifice |
eloh’; elohidakwadachitikanoeshelokeekanat(i)Su-too JeekilohikaktuntakanugaKoranu**cahtiyisskarirosken**monaanetchaOotschayeUktenaoolungtsataatchinaStichiTchlanuatilihitetchatatetchanuntchaskiri**Tathtowe,Tistoe |
migrants, wanderers; earthmythic great fishhairy water monsterhistoryCherokee; original peopledoctor, huntermythic strong mantwisted hair clan (cf. Hawaiianhilo)taboo regulationscraper used by ballplayerswar chief titleassembly housespeaker, heraldland where the Elohi tarriedballplayrival of Sutoo Jee (Herakles)name of a dragon or serpentdivining crystal for healthghost; cedarname of dangerous serpentGreat Hawkbrave, warriorPlayful Cherokee fairyceremonial enclosuresorcerer, Stonecladceremonial title; firecracker (smoke) bringer (Santa Claus) |
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SCOTLAND THE LAND OF THE GREEKS
What Happened to the Greek Settlers in Ancient India and Pakistan?
Prehistoric connections Crete / Norway
Publisert: juni 26, 2011 i Minoan History and culture
Did Crete have prehistoric connections with Norway in the Bronze Age?
A Minoan message on a granite slab in Norway.
Johan Jarnaes, a citizen of the small Norwegian town of Kongsberg, is the one making this assertion. Kongsberg is situated 80 km to the west of the Norwegian capital of Oslo. Johan Jarnaes holds university degrees in history, archaeology and languages. On a late evening in autumn 1987 Johan was out for a walk in the outlying fields surrounding the small town of Kongsberg. Due to the low sunlight he discovered some strange, unknown, signs on a flat granite slab. The slab was part of a farmyard belonging to a friend of his. Johan had been on the spot many times, but neither he nor his friend, the owner, had seen these signs before. The signs were revealed only because Johan happened to pass there just at the moment the sun was setting, thus throwing a beam of light onto the slab.
PICTURE 1. Johan Jarnæs and the author on the granite slab.
After the slab had been cleaned, some engraved characters became visible.
PICTURE 2 and 3. The 5 characters.
Jarnaes found the characters sensational since they reminded him at first sight of characters from the classical Greek alphabet. Furthermore he discovered 12 circular cup shaped marks with a diameter of 4 to 8 cm as well as a drawing that apparently was an illustration of a boat! There were also other engravings on the granite slab. The engraving techniques indicated that they had originated in various different eras. In addition to the previously mentioned characters, signs and drawings, Johan discovered an even more peculiar one which had no resemblance to any of the others. The lower part Johan later recognised as a “bag for water or wine”. The strangest was, however, that on the outside of the “bag” a horizontal parallel wavelike drawing was visible. Jarnaes came to the conclusion that the wavelike drawing was apparently meant to describe water! On the top of the bag there was an even stranger sign that reminded him of the letter V in the Latin alphabet. The most mysterious in this whole figure was that the three parallel wavelike lines were identical with the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign for water!
PICTURE 5,”The Wine Bag”
Picture 7. The boat.
The boat was, for Jarnaes, a familiar drawing on many granite slabs in south-western Norway as well as in the Swedish county of “Bohuslan”. The carving technique was very similar to the above mentioned engravings from Kongsberg. Consequently Jarnaes could determine the time period to be the bronze age, 1500 – 2000 BC.
The enigma.
Jarnaes was most surprised. What could these inscriptions possibly mean? They reminded him of characters in the ancient Greek alphabet, but there were also clear indications that the characters were almost a 1000 years older. The origin of the Greek alphabet can be determined with great accuracy to 750 BC.
What happened at Kongsberg before 1623?
The town was founded in 1623 because a shepherd found a large lump of silver. The silver mining led to the rapid growth of Kongsberg which soon became a town of 10,000 inhabitants. By 1958 the silver load had been exhausted and mining was discontinued. In accordance with “the official opinion”, the town of Kongsberg had had no history before 1623. This opinion was, however, not shared by Jarnaes and hisfriends in the “Kongsberg Archaeological Society”. For more than 30 years the society has carried out its own research in order to establish the fact that the town did have a history before 1623. Amongst Jarnaes’ friends were experts in many fields, such as languages, history, archaeology, geology, and astronomy. Jarnaes has summarised the results of this research in a book.
“Before Kongsberg was founded”
This book is very interesting to read. A lot of findings were made, not only from the Bronze Age, but also from earlier periods. The most sensational were the numerous discoveries that showed clear indications of prehistoric mining! It is likely that the silver mines of Kongsberg were amongst the richest inEurope! In addition to that, the silver from Kongsberg is almost 100% pure! The common way to produce silver in the Bronze Age, as it is today, is by smelting ores containing lead and silver, a most costly procedure. The silver produced in this manner will contain a certain amount of lead that gives it a grey colour in contrast to the Kongsberg silver that is bright and shining. Another sensational finding was stone settings carefully positioned in accordance with an astronomical or mathematical pattern! In one case the settings constituted a solar calendar. It is absolutely clear that the population of Norwayat that time was rather primitive and could not possibly have had such skills. This knowledge is characteristic of an advanced culture! From where could the knowledge have come?
Linear A characters of the writing system belonging to the Minoan civilisation of Crete!
Jarnaes’ idea that the characters could belong to the classical Greek alphabet could not be correct because they were all consonants, whilst the Greek language was particularly rich in vowels. The findings on the granite slab at the farm
“Langkjern” were made in 1987. The enigma remained unsolved until the Norwegian linguist; Kjell Aartun came to Kongsberg in 1994. He is internationally well known in scientific linguistic circles. Amongst others, Kjell Aartun has received a prize from “The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters” for his research on ancient languages of the Mediterranean and theMiddle East. Aartun determined that the characters belonged to the Minoan writing system Linear A, fromCrete.
The first words ever written in Norway, in Artun’s interpretation, were “The pure and the soft”. Concerning the other strange images, Aartun determined that the two were of the same hieroglyphic signs that were found on the Phaistos Disc; “The Wine Bag” and “Coral”. Those who have bought the disc as a souvenir will easily be able to recognize them. In accordance with Aartun’s deciphering, the two signs mean: “The place for visitors” that is, a ritual place to be used by visitors. For Jarnaes one more enigma needed to be solved: The wave-shaped lines on the bag, resembling the Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Minoans had very close trade connection with Egyptand it is most likely that they knew the Egyptian language and writing. The hieroglyphs read: WATER and, in the southern countries of the Mediterranean, water was regarded as the most precious gift. Even if the Minoans did not habitually make petroglyphs, stone carvings, such as the Scandinavians used on their numerous cult sites, were not unknown to them. It is believed that the Scandinavian “Helleristninger” petroglyphs were made in order to call on the favour of the gods.
“The pure and the soft”
Who could have written these words on a granite slab at Kongsberg 2000 years before the Norwegians knew the art of writing? The Minoans? If so, what were they doing in Norway, and what did the words mean. In Jarnaes’ opinion both of Aartun’s translations could have a clear meaning. In the Bronze Age, the Minoans were the most skilled tradesmen in the Mediterranean area. They were trading with all countries including the ones in the Middle East. One of their specialties was trading in metals; bronze, gold, silver, lead etc. We have information from Egyptian hieroglyphs that the Egyptians, who possessed gold in great quantities, were willing to pay twice the weight of gold for one unit weight
of silver. It is not likely that our ancestors, primitive as they were at that time, knew the real trade value of pure silver. The metal was soft and not very useful for practical purposes; what they needed was bronze. That could have made the long journeys extremely profitable for the Minoans. This made it worthwhile to carve the words “The pure and the soft” on that granite slab near Kongsberg! The “pure and soft” was silver of course! The Minoans would have wanted to thank the gods for the costly goods in the same way as their Norwegian “trade counterparts” – “When in Rome do as the Romans do”!
PICTURE 5 / Bryce‘s list.
The five characters compared with the catalogue of Minoan Linear A made by William Bryce.
How were the Minoans able to travel to Norway, and how did they know they could find silver there?
For those of our ancestors who lived alongside the DrammenRiver, around 3.700 years ago, it must have been an impressive sight to see the large Minoan Vessels sailing up the river! The boats were at least 35 meters long and the large sails, of the same type as we know from the Viking ships, were 20 meters high. In comparison, the largest Viking Ship, Gogstadskipet, was only 26 meters. Arriving up the river, at the place today named Hokksund, the sails were lowered and the crew started to use the oars. They rowed up the side river to Vestfossen. The land was much lower in the Bronze Age; consequently the waterway was navigable all the way up to Fiskum, only 5 km from where Kongsberg is situated today. From Fiskum there is a small valley and gorge leading directly to the target.
PICTURE 6 Map of the area depicting the route.
On the map you will be able to follow the possible navigable route, The Drammen Fjord, the DrammenRiver up to Hokksund, Vestfossen and on to Fiskum. We know that the Minoans were highly skilled sailors who were constantly navigating the entire Mediterranean. Their ships were already, in the Bronze Age, of a most sophisticated design. They were equipped with a keel so they could sail against the wind. We never did succeed in finding a wreck or even any remains of a Minoan ship. Not until quite recently have we been able to collect sufficient information that enables us to reconstruct a ship with a high degree of probability. In particular, the present excavations at Santorini have given us such information. Large wall-paintings, that were preserved by being buried in lava in some houses there, depict Minoan ships leaving the harbour. This is the largest and most famous of them.
PICTURE 8: The Flotilla , Wall painting from Santorini,
This wall painting was sealed by the lava in the house where it was found; consequently it is much better preserved than any painting from the Minoan palaces.By analysing the perspectives in all these paintings, the Greek archaeologists have been able to determine the sizes of the ships and to make reconstructions. The paintings can be seen in a museum at Santorini that was built specially for this purpose. A good aid in these reconstructions was the many images of ships found on fragments of pottery as well as on seal stones. If we compare the design of the Minoan ships with the ships of the other seagoing nations of the Mediterranean in the same era, in particular the Phoenicians and the Egyptians,
these were unable to match the ships of the Minoans in seaworthiness and manoeuverability. History has underestimated the ships of the Minoans because the secrets behind their design had been lost. After the fall of the Minoan civilization, many years would pass until ships of an equally sophisticated design could be made, actually 1500 – 2000 years, until the era of the Vikings. It is therefore not unlikely that the Minoans might have left some of their know-how during their stay in Norway. We are almost sure their ships were technically not inferior to Viking ships made 2000 years later. With these the Vikings cruised all the oceans; they often visited the Mediterranean, and they discovered America 500 years before Columbus!
PICTURE 10. Norwegian Viking Ship.
Thanks to the superiority of their ships, the Minoans had complete domination of the sea in this era. They could even defend the long coastline of Crete without coastal fortifications. The Minoans were tradesmen, not warriors; therefore there was no war in this era that lasted for 1500 years! Their superiority came to an end with the great tsunami caused by the volcanic explosion and eruption at Thera (Santorini). This was the beginning of the end for the Minoan civilisation.
The heirs of the Minoans as seafaring nations, who took over the trade in the area, were the Phoenicians and the Egyptians. The Phoenicians were also tradesmen. Even if they had less sophisticated ships than the Minoans, we have evidence that they were in Cornwall, England, where they, amongst others, became involved in mining. It is likely that the Minoans, also like the Vikings,used a solar compass to navigate their way on the oceans. We know the Vikings was in America 500 years before Columbus, why not also the Minoans? I am almost sure that future research will come to that conclusion!
Were the Minoans in America 3000 years before Columbus?
How else could one be able to explain the following:
We have evidence that traces of cocaine have been found in Egyptian mummies. We know for sure that the plant from which cocaine is extracted only existed in South America until a few hundred years ago! Who could possibly have brought it there other than the Minoans! They were the only ones who possessed ships with the ability for such an ocean crossing! Do we have evidence for the following? :
1. That the Minoans really came to Kongsberg in the Bronze Age,
2. That prehistoric mining did take place at Kongsberg in the Bronze Age,
3. That the signs on the granite slab really were characters of Linear A,
4. That Aartun’s deciphering is correct.
Nine years have passed since I got involved in what later for me became “The battle of Kongsberg”, the reason I got involved was an article in “Aftenposten”, Norway’s leading newspaper. Since my schooldays I was very interested in the
“Minoan Enigma”. I was lucky enough to have a teacher who was a great enthusiast of Minoan history. The rise of this civilisation is one of history’s greatest enigmas! The fall of the Minoans happened after the eruption at Thera (Santorini), not as a direct result of the tsunami itself but after most of their fleet was lost; they became an easy victim for the Greek warriors from the mainland, the Mycenaeans, who destroyed their palaces and most other traces of a civilisation that was thousands of years ahead of its time. The Greek history is one of war; the Minoan’s was one of peace! Until quite recently we had no indication of from where the Minoans had come. The civilisation was suddenly just there, indicating that the Minoans must have originated from somewhere in the Mediterranean region, but from where? When I read the article I found it quite natural to involve myself further in the mystery, not necessarily in order to
solve it but to try to understand more.
We have determined that the Minoan ships may have been of a construction sophisticated enough to sail the great oceans but unfortunately this is not enough evidence to establish that they actually were in Kongsberg in the Bronze Age. The characters are there, on the granite slab, but we have no evidence of how they got there. Having involved myself in the mystery for some years I suddenly got unexpected help from our neighbours in the east.
It appeared that the Swedish archaeologist, Oscar Montelius, put this theory forward more than a hundred years ago! What gave him the idea was the narrow time span between the Stone Age and the Bronze Age that really was there “from one day to the next!” Some sudden influence must have been involved. His theory was not immediately accepted, but his idea has occupied the Swedish archaeological class ever since.
In the spring of 2005 a book was issued from Oxford University Press:
“The Rise of Bronze Age Society” ISBN: 0-521-60466-4
Authors: Kristian Kristiansen, Professor of archaeology at theUniversity ofGothenburg, and Thomas B. Larsson, professor of archaeology at theUniversity ofUmeå.
Both professors had occupied themselves with the subject until they got the chance to start a more comprehensive research project that lasted for 6 years. During the research period the two professors had examined thousands of texts and objects, in particular the stone carvings, (petroglyphs) that are to be found on both sides of the Norwegian/Swedish border in the Norwegian county of Oestfold and the Swedish county of Bohuslan. Kristiansen and Larsson had good support from all the universities in Sweden as well as from the Swedish radio that for a decade been broadcasting a program called “Stenristarne” “The stone carvers”. This program aimed at educating and motivating the people to be aware of and to report the discovery of objects that could be classified as “archaeological findings”
Résumé of the researches:
In the Bronze Age an advanced culture had suddenly arisen in the southern Scandinavian countries with clear influence from the countries of the Aegean; first the Minoans, later also the Mycenaeans and the classical Greeks. The researchers concluded that it was most likely not only that the areas were visited by people from the south, but also that the population had visited the southern countries over a period that lasted about 1000 years! According to Kristiansen, inscriptions in both Minoan and Mycenaean Linear A and B have been found. Whilst the result did not cause any great surprise in Swedish and Danish archaeological circles, the Norwegians were thoroughly shocked! Therefore this revolutionary thesis has passed unheeded in Norway, even if the truth is that we shall have to rewrite history! The same survey explains and supports Jarnaes’ many findings at Kongsberg, in areas where indications of
old silver mines, astronomical and mathematical stone settings, are strong indications of the presence of an advanced culture.
PICTURE 9, Stone carving from Oestfold, Norway.
In their book, the two professors claim that the stone carvings, the petroglyphs of Scandinavia, depict ships from theMediterranean.
Se also: http://www.catshaman.com/15Sailors/05sailors12.htm
Prehistoric mining at Kongsberg.
I have myself, together with Jarnaes, visited the areas around Kongsberg and made photographs of what Jarnaes claims were residues of prehistoric mining. From several other European countries, we have also found evidence and detailed information of prehistoric mining. The pictures I took are all very similar to findings in Spain and in Serbia. I even had contact by e-mail with archaeologists in Serbia who supported my theories. What is rather special, with the Kongsberg silver, is that it could be found in a pure condition directly on the surface. Who could possibly believe that such findings could remain unnoticed right up to 1623? As soon as the source was depleted, the stone material, that had
been picked out together with the silver, was filled back into the ”mines”.
What surprised me most was that Jarnaes’ finding should cause such a stir in the established archaeological circles that they succeeded in sabotaging further research for many years. To start with, Jarnaes reported the findings to the historical institute of Oslo University. They immediately sent a young archaeologist to Kongsberg in order to examine the site. The young man became very enthusiastic with what he saw. He could establish that the incised mark indicated that the carving was most likely from the Bronze Age. The local newspaper reporter, who was there at the same time, printed the news in the next day’s newspaper, referring to the young man by name. The very next day an extremely angry professor from Oslo arrived on the spot; he was the senior person in the Archaeological and Historical Institute. He demanded that the newspaper reverse all they had written the day before. He determined, there and then, that there were no such things as Bronze Age discoveries or prehistoric mining at Kongsberg. Everything that was printed in the newspaper “was caused by the inexperience of his young assistant!” The Minoan signs were letters of the Latin alphabet and what Jarnaes claimed were prehistoric mines had nothing to do with mining whatsoever!
Death sentence to Norwegian Archaeology and Science
It took me some considerable time to get to the bottom of the motivation and the strange attitude of the established Norwegian archaeological scientists for the categorical rebuttal of Jarnaes’ findings. I will deal with this, in detail, later.
”The Battle of Kongsberg”
Here is a brief summary:
In connection with the “official silver mining of 1623” , a special ”museum of silver mining” was established at Kongsberg. The chief of this museum had spent his life writing “The history of silver mining in Kongsberg”. If Jarnaes’ claim could be proven, his “life’s work” would totally disintegrate. If, in addition to this, evidence could be found that the Minoans came to Kongsberg for silver, and that the characters on the granite slab were Linear A, the catastrophe would be
complete and the old chap would have made a complete fool of himself! The resistance was so severe that it lasted right up to 2007, until the case came under further scrutiny. Jarnaes never gave up; he continued to send e-mails with pictures and even videos to experts in other countries. In 2007 one of these experts became involved and started further research. Costs were covered from foreign sources! One of the tests that the Norwegians had neglected to undertake, in all this time, was the obvious Radiocarbon 14 dating! The very first test blew “the 1623 limit” miles away!
I am not able to tell anything more at this time, because the research is ongoing. However I have sufficient information to be convinced that Jarnaes will come out of the battle with flying colours! The loser is the Norwegian archaological establishment. They have sabotaged progress on one of the most interesting archaeological sites in the history of Norwegian Archaological science for more than 20 years, for no other motive than to protect a colleague! This case will, in due time, force them to rewrite history!
The five Linear A characters.
It is more than 100 years since Arthur Evans came up with the first clay tablets with Linear characters from Knossos. The name “Minoan” is Evans “invention”. The Egyptians, from whom we have a lot of information about the Minoans, called them:
“The civilisation of the Keftiu”.
The younger Linear B version was deciphered in the early 50ties by Michael Ventris. The older Linear A was more problematic.
During the 20th Century, a lot of work was done by Jean Pierre Olivier and Louis Goddard as well as William Bryce. They made complete catalogues of every known character, around 120. Each character has in some cases several variations
Linear A characters were meant to be written on papyrus or soft clay, not to be cut into stone! Taking that into consideration there is no more inaccuracy to be found in comparing the Kongsberg carvings with the characters in the catalogues, than you find if you compare the main character with the different variations of the same in the Bryce List.
Genetic evidence.
Archaeology has recently acquired new tools, some of them inherited from Medicine, such as radar and laser scanning of archaeological sites and reading molecular DNA of up to 5,000yr old bones. In February 2007, the prestigious
Stanford Research Institute issued a report on behalf of the Archaeological society of the USA. The survey used the new technique of molecular DNA analysis on bones collected from excavations in various countries in the Mediterranean. The DNA patterns were then compared with bones from Minoan tombs. The result concludes that the origin of the Minoan civilisation is most likely to be the countries east of Turkey, somewhere between Iran and Iraq. Enough Minoan genetic material was also found in Southern Scandinavia to support the theories of the book, “Rise of Bronze Age society”.
The leading Athens Newspaper Kathimerini;
DNA sheds light on The Minoans
Crete’s fabled Minoan civilization was built by people from Anatolia, according to a new study, by Greek and foreign scientists, that refutes an earlier theory that said the Minoans’ forefathers had come from Africa. The new study – a collaboration by experts in Greece, the USA, Canada, Russia and Turkey – drew its conclusions from the DNA analysis of 193 men from Crete and another 171 from former Neolithic colonies in central and northern Greece. The results show that the country’s Neolithic population came to Greece by sea from Anatolia – modern-day Iran, Iraq and Syria – and not from Africa, as maintained by US scholar Martin Bernal. The DNA analysis indicates that the arrival of Neolithic man in Greece from Anatolia coincided with the social and cultural upsurge that led to the birth of the Minoan civilization, Constantinos Triantafyllidis of Thessaloniki’s Aristotle University told Kathimerini. “Until now we only had the archaeological evidence – now we have genetic data too and we can date theDNA,” he said.
Is it possible to decipher Linear A?
There have been many attempts to decipher Linear A. The problem, to start with, is that we do not know even what class of language it could possibly be. After almost 100 years of research there seems to be an agreement that 90 % of the characters of Linear B also occur in Linear A. It is also most likely that most of the sound values are identical. The one and only thing the linguists are in agreement about is that the language is not Greek. Some scientists suggest that it is Indo-European, similar to the languages from Anatolia; Huerrian, Uertian, Luvian, Hiti and Indo-Iranian. The second group (Aartun and Cyrus Gordon) is of the opinion that Linear A is a Semitic language.
Having been engaged with the enigma for all these years, I must admit that I have changed my opinion and updated the article several times since it first appeared in the local Cretan newspaper “Anatoli” in 2002.
The reason is first and foremost the new information, the book by the Swedish professors and the DNA report from Stanford.
In addition to that I have spent more time studying the various aspects of the case on my own. Thanks to the Internet, everybody who is interested in the subjects can take part and add information to the discussion.
This website is open to everybody.
http://people.ku.edu/~jyounger/LinearA/
Having followed the discussion for some years, I am not very optimistic that we shall be able to decipher Linear A for some time. I believe the situation will not improve until we discover more material.
In Jarnaes own blog,
You will find more information. Jarnaes and I have different views on Aartun’s deciphering.
Kongsberg 2012, 10 years after my first visit.
10 years ago I wrote my first article about the findings at Kongsberg. The article was published in the Cretan newspaper Anatoli in June 2002.
A lot of things have happened in the 10 years that calls for an update. I found the best way for an update is a visit to the place. Together with Johan Jarnæs I have looked through most of the same archaeological sites that has engaged me most for the last 10 years. Afterwards we had a thorough discursion. By such an occasion it is natural that the both of us made a summing up.
Johan Jarnæs and Sven Buchholz on the granite slab July 2012. The Linear A inscription is whitened up with chalk; Note the small size of the characters!
The Linear A inscriptions as they are today.
Jarnæs cleaned some dirt away and moistened with water to make the signs more easy to see. Thanks to the very solid rock material the inscription has not deteriorated.The cutting mark alone is sufficient to indicate that the inscription was engraved with a stone in the Bronze Age. The Linear A characters were designed to be written with a pen on papyrus. Cutting with stone is bound to result in some inaccuracies.
For photographic sessions a little cleaning and make up is needed.
“The wine sack with coral”
On this picture it is easy to see that the figure is cut into the rock with a hammer and a ponted instrument.
About this inscription “The wine sack with coral” Jarnæs and I are not in agreement. One can easily observe that the cutting marks are totally different from the stone cut Linear A inscription. It can only have been made with a pointed instrument, probably iron. (se the first picture to make this impression more visible) Look at the pointed cutting marks! Then it may differ as much as 1000 years in time!
Joh. Jarnæs spent a lot of his childhood in Kongsberg. As a boy he loved to play around in the woods and he had since boyhood a highly developed ability to observe. What he discovered as a boy brought him to think further as a mature man.
When Jarnæs came up with the statement that what we se here is a prehistoric mine, he brought the entire scientific – historic camp in Kongsberg to scream. In 2007 Jarnæs got foreign experts on prehistoric mining to look at the site. Further investigations, including ,were carried out with foreign recourses. These tests blew the 1623 time line tousansands of years away ! Jarnæs and a friend had already at his own expenses carried out a C 14 Radio Carbon testing on a piece of charcoal much erlier. This test already mooved the time barrier back to 300 BC!
The mines are totally overgrown, after they have been excavated.
There is a long shaft underneath that comes up to the surface some 20 behind. In accordance with prehistoric mining habits, the stones were put back in the shaft after the metal had been extracted.
Jarnæs shows me that the visible part of the granite slab is only a fracture of what is grass cowered.
Only a very little part of the slab has been examined till now. The grass layer is not very thick, so it would not have been a big deal to clean it all. The owner is very interested and would give all permissions needed to dig out the entire area. Now, when it is established that it is more then likely that the Minoans travelled to Scandinavia, I would be surprised if there not were more Linear A inscriptions to be found underneath! My hope for the future is that the new generation of archaeologists will have a more open mind and that more and more of them will be finding their way to this unique site so that the entire area will be professionally and thoroughly examined.
Piece of pure silver as it came out of a Kongsberg mine.
There could be lumps of 40 – 100 kg! Unfortunately, Norway was “owned” by Denmark at the time, all recourses were robed from us and went directly to the Danish King who used most of it to finance wars! Norway also had rich copper mines like in Røros and other places. The Danes robbed Norway for lots of money during those years! When I hear Norwegians complain about the 5 years we were under Hitler I always ask: What about the “500 year night” we were under Denmark! If we send the bill to Copenhagen one day, I wonder how much it would be!
Evidence?
Where do we stand to day in comparison with in 2002?
Are we closer to being able to prove that Kongsberg had a history before 1623?
Since foreign expertise came to Kongsberg and carried out examinations, a radiocarbon dating alone blew the 1623 mark sky-high.
Did prehistoric mining really take place in Kongsberg?
Examinations are still going on, reports are being written, and therefore excluded from telling more at the time, but one thing is sure: We have sufficient evidence to claim: Prehistoric mining did take place at Kongsberg!
Is it possible that the Minoans could have travelled to Kongsberg?
Archaeology obtained recently 2 new tools that put the entire science miles ahead. SCANNING and DNA. The DNA evidence proves that this is more than likely! Sufficient DNA evidence has also been found in Sweden, north westGermany and in the British isles to prove the book: The Rise of Bronze Age Society is based on scientific facts. This also speaks for the Swedish archaeologist Oscar Montelius
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Montelius
who brought the idea up more than 100 years ago! The Minoans were even greater travellers than we have known. The newest discovery is from North West Germany, “Fricia” near the border to Denmark where remaining of a Minoan settlements was found. One of the objects was a seal ring with characters in Linear A! The DNA testing is still going on; new reports are being published all the time. Personally I would not be surprised if we one day will learned that the Minoans travelled even to America, 3000 years before Columbus! (Reference: Kokain in the Egyptian mummies, se abowe.)
Can we prove that the inscriptions on the slate are Minoan Linear A?
With all this new evidence and so much more information than we had only 10 years ago I would say that this is more than likely. (se picture abowe with comparison Brice List) What about the inaccuracies? I put the question forward to Jarnæs who showed me a fax from professor Cyrus Gordon, which he had received in 1995 where he writes that the first sign is we in Linear A, and the last sign is ti in Linear A. Gordon was not able to identify the other three signs, as he did not recognize the two rare signs which are rendered in the supplementary list of William Brice´s list of the Linear A, namely, the yu-sign and the pi-sign. The pi-sign in the inscription has clearly the interior form of a cup, which identifies it as the syllable pi. (At that time, Cyrus Gordon had not studied the Linear A syllabary since the sixties.) The tu-sign in the inscription is the most difficult sign to peck into the hard gneiss. As the four signs match Linear A-syllables, the fifth sign must also be a Linear A sign, and then it can be no other sign than the tu-syllable. As a matter of fact, there is some likeness, and since the first and last sign are Linear A, what could the signs in the middle possibly be? The signs are pecked into the rock with a blunt instrument, apparently e stone, and the same peck marks are to be found spread out over the surface of the rock, as is common on rock carvings sites in Norway from the Bronze Age. The state of erosion of the signs also accounts for their antiquity. They are impossible to discover without sidelight.
Are we closer to the enigma, the decoding of Linear A?
On this point Jarnæs and I are of different opinions. I do no longer believe in Aartun’s deciphering. I have been reading Aartun’s books over a long period of time. The more I read of them the less I believed it could be correct! I totally disagree with his methods. In addition to that there are more and more suggestions coming up that the Phaistos disk is a fake! When that is proven Aartun will b in real trouble.
See: https://araenil.wordpress.com/2011/06/19/is-the-phaistos-disc-genuine/
There have been many attempts to decipher Linear A. The problem is to start with, is that we do not know even what class of language it could possibly be. After almost 100 years of research there seems to be an agreement that 90 % of the characters of Linear B also occur in Linear A. It is also most likely that most of the sound values are identical. The one and only thing the linguists are in agreement about is that the language is not Greek. Some scientists suggest that it is Indo-European, similar to the languages from Anatolia; Huerrian, Uertian, Luvian, Hiti and Indo-Iranian. The second group (Aartun and Cyrus Gordon) is of the opinion that Linear A is a Semitic language. We have less than 100 inscriptions that are big enough to convey any meaningful message. Chadvick and Ventris were able to decipher Linear B, they had hundreds of clay tablets with inscriptions in Linear B. In addition to that they had got a certain clue that the language had to be Greek.
We simply have not nearly enough material to make a deciphering under the mentioned circumstances.
Champolion who deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphs had the Rosetta stone with the same inscription in 3 languages, 2 of them were known! However, Champolion said that he probably would not have succeeded if he had not got a clue to a language related to the ancient Egyptian, Coptic! My only hope is that we find more written material, I have hopes for the Akrotiri excavations on Santorini and in Palaikastro where Sandy Mc Gillivray of the BritishSchool in Athens, by scanning has found evidence of yet another MinoanPalace!
The author with a copy of the 5 signs.
The authors residence in Agios Nikolaos Crete, Villa Ariadne.
Your questions are welcome to
Mesopotamia.. Greek meaning ( between 2 rivers)
Geneticist Traces Mysterious Origins of Native Americans to Middle East, Ancient Greece
The idea that Native Americans are descended from ancient Jews, Egyptians, or Greeks has been a controversial one for hundreds of years. James Adair, an 18th century settler who traded with Native Americans for 40 years, wrote that their language, customs, and social structures were similar to those of the Israelites.
He wrote in his book “The History of the American Indians”: “It is a very difficult thing to divest ourselves, not to say, other persons, of prejudices and favourite opinions, and I expect to be censured by some for opposing commonly received sentiments, or for meddling with a dispute agitated among the learned ever since the first discovery of America.”
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Native American OriginsIn more recent years, similar observations by Dr. Donald Panther-Yates have even met with what Yates described as “hate mail” from indigenous studies professors.
It is commonly held that Native Americans descended from Mongolians. In 2013, a study published in the journal Nature acknowledged that some ancient European ancestry is possible. The DNA from a 24,000-year-old corpse in Siberia was analyzed. It showed no resemblance to Asian populations, only to European, yet it showed a clear connection to Native Americans. But the mainstream scientific community is far from embracing the theory that Native Americans descended from ancient Middle-Eastern or Greek peoples as Yates and some others have proposed.
Yates is of Cherokee descent, he has a Ph.D. in classical studies, and he founded the genetics research institution DNA Consultants. These three credentials have given him a unique perspective on Native American history as it relates to these ancient cultures, and how DNA testing can support the theoretical link.
Genetic Similarities
Native Americans are generally thought to fit into five genetic groups, known as haplotypes, each named by a letter of the alphabet: A,B,C,D, and X.
Yates demonstrated in a paper titled “Anomalous Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in the Cherokee,” what he calls the fallacy behind many genetic analyses: “[The geneticists say] ‘Lineage A, B, C, D, and X are American Indian. Therefore, all American Indians are lineage A, B, C, D, and X.’ The fallacy in such reasoning is apparent. It could be restated as: ‘All men are two-legged creatures; therefore since the skeleton we dug up has two legs, it is human.’ It might be a kangaroo.”
Any divergence from the expected haplotypes is usually attributed to an intermingling of races after European colonization, not to the genes that came with Native Americans from their origin.
After analyzing Cherokee DNA, Yates concluded, “No such mix could have resulted from post-1492 European gene flow into the Cherokee Nation.”
“So where do our non-European, non-Indian-appearing elements come from?” he asked. “The level of haplogroup T in the Cherokee (26.9 percent) approximates the percentage for Egypt (25 percent), one of the only lands where T attains a major position among the various mitochondrial lineages.”
Yates focused on haplotype X for “its relative absence in Mongolia and Siberia and a recently proven center of diffusion in Lebanon and Israel.”
In 2009, Liran I. Shlush at the Israel Institute of Technology published a paper in the journal PLOS ONE stating that the X haplotype spread through the world from the Hills of Galilee in northern Israel and Lebanon. Yates wrote: “The only other place on earth where X is found at an elevated level apart from other American Indian groups like the Ojibwe is among the Druze in the Hills of Galilee in northern Israel and Lebanon.”
Cultural, Linguistic Similarities
Though much of the Cherokee culture has been lost, noted Yates in his book “Cherokee Clans,” what can still be discovered about the legends hints at ancestors who came across the sea and whose language was similar to ancient Greek. Some linguistic parallels have also been drawn between the Native American languages and Egyptian and Hebrew.
The Cherokee’s white demigod Maui may have his roots in a Libyan leader of a fleet dispatched by the pharaoh Ptolemy III before 230 B.C., Yates explained. “Maui” is similar to the Egyptian words for “guide” or “navigator.” Maui was said to have brought all civilized arts and crafts. He gave the Cherokee their title for principal chief, Amatoyhi or Moytoy, said Yates, which translates as “mariner” or “admiral.”
He recounted a Cherokee Twister Clan legend that named Maui’s father as Tanoa. Yates said Tanoa may refer to a Greek. “Tanoa was the father of all fair-haired children and came from a land called Atia,” he wrote.
Atia may refer to Attica, a historical region encompassing the Greek capital, Athens. Atia was said to be a place “full of high alabaster temples,” one of which “was very spacious, and was built as a meeting-place for gods and men.” At this place, one found sporting competitions, games, feasts to the gods, meetings of great chiefs, and the origin of wars that caused people to spread over the Pacific.
“One could hardly invent a more fitting folk memory of Greek culture,” Yates wrote. “The Hawaiian word that epitomized this lost world is karioi, ‘leisure, ease,’ literally the same word in Greek for ‘amusements.’” Yates notes numerous other linguistic similarities.
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“According to the Keetoowah Society elders, the Cherokee once spoke a non-Indian language akin to Hopi, but gave it up and adopted Mohawk to continue to live with the Iroquois. The ‘old tongue’ seems to have many elements of Greek, the language of Ptolemaic Egypt and ancient Judeans,” he said.
Adair noted linguistic similarities between Native American languages and Hebrew.
As in Hebrew, Native American nouns have neither cases nor declensions, wrote Adair. Another similarity is the lack of comparative or superlative degrees. “There is not, perhaps, any one language or speech, except the Hebrew and the Indian American, which has not a great many prepositions. The Indians, like the Hebrews, have none in separate and express words. They are forced to join certain characters to words, in order to supply that great deficit,” he wrote.
A Perspective From the Past
Adair offers a perspective on the culture Yates cannot. Adair interacted extensively with the Native Americans hundreds of years ago, while their traditions were still thriving. Of course, the extent to which he may have misunderstood that culture as an outsider must be taken into account.
“From the most exact observations I could make in the long time I traded among the Indian Americans, I was forced to believe them lineally descended from the Israelites, either while they were a maritime power, or soon after the general captivity, the latter however is the most probable,” Adair wrote.
They had a similar tribe organization, he said. Their manner of delimiting time was similar, as was their custom of having a most holy place, and their designation of prophets and high-priests.
He gave an example of a similar custom: “Correspondent to the Mosaic law of women’s purification after travel, the Indian women absent themselves from their husbands and all public company, for a considerable time.”
Oldest Recipe Found in Egypt Written in Greek
The oldest written recipe found in Egypt is dated approximately the year 300 AD. A recipe for red lentils, it was written on papyrus in the Greek language.
The Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities has released a new video on the history of cooking in Egypt, showing the oldest known recipe in the North African country.
It turns out that the recipe from the third century was either written there by a person who knew the Greek language or perhaps that the piece of papyrus with the recipe had originally come from Greece.
The ancient Egyptians had eaten lentils since prehistoric times, around 4000 BC. However, the fact that the lentil recipe is written in Greek indicates that it was a part of the Greek diet.
Greeks in Egypt
Greeks have been present in Egypt since at least the 7th century BC. Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and claimed that the Greeks were one of the first groups of foreigners who had ever lived in the country.
The Greek presence is particularly strong in Alexandria.
The story of Hellenism in Alexandria, Egypt’s second largest city, goes back more than two millennia and is marked by Alexander the Great’s placement of the first stone as part of the city’s first street in 331 BC.
Hellenistic Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria (the Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its Great Library (the largest in the ancient world); and its Necropolis, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages.
Alexandria was at one time the second-most powerful city of the ancient Mediterranean region, after Rome.
In modern times, Greeks began to settle in Alexandria again in the 18th and 19th centuries. A new wave of immigration flooded Alexandria shortly after the Greek revolution of 1821, marking the beginning of the so-called European era of the city.
Pytheas – the Greek Explorer who Discovered Britain
Pytheas of Massalia (350-285 BCE) was a renowned navigator and explorer who lived in Greek colony which is now known as ‘Marseille’ and forms part of Southern France. The Greeks had many colonies outside of Greece and formed a presence all over the Mediterranean, and including such places as Italy, France, Spain, Turkey, Russia and North Africa. Greeks spread-out due to over-crowding, lack of resources, warfare and sometimes banishment, and took their sophisticated culture with them. No matter where a Greek was born, he or she was considered a ‘Greek’ first and foremost. As the Greek culture involved the use of logical thought applied to the divine and worldly realm, the exploration (and mapping) of the world was an important element of the development of Greek knowledge. This exploration by land and sea often involved navigation by the stars, and the understanding of the behaviour of the earth and the sun, etc, as well as predicting weather, climate and the rhythms of the sea. The Greek cultural influence throughout the world they occupied not only formed the basis for the Latin alphabet (together with Etruscan influence) and contributed (through Roman culture) to the development of European culture.
In around 304 BCE Pytheas set sail from Massalia with the intention of exploring the seas west of the European landmass. In so doing Pytheas became the first Greek to visit and sail around Britain. He discovered that Ireland lay further west of Britain, and that Norway was to the north of Britain. Not only this, but Pytheas is said to have landed in Cornwall and witnessed their tin-mining industry, and travelled all around the island nation. He said that the British were friendly and hospitable and although there were many different kings and leaders, peace reigned throughout the land. Pytheas stated: ‘The people of Britannia are simple in their habits and far removed from the cunning knavishness of modern man… they do not drink wine, but a fermented liquor made from barley, which they call curmi.’ His circumnavigation of Britain took six years to complete which included time taken landing ad investigating various places. The books of Pytheas entitled ‘The Ocean’ and ‘A Description of the Ocean’ are now lost – but much of his work has been preserved in the writings of others. Oddly, Pytheas spent much of his life trying to convince his incredulous contemporaries that he had indeed really discovered Britannia – as many were of the opinion that nothing existed west of the European mainland. It can be said today that Pytheas was the man who discovered Britain!
Ancient Greek and Roman Cemetery Discovered in Egypt
The Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced recently that an ancient Greek and Roman cemetery has been discovered in Ismailia.
According to reports, the cemetery has multiple levels. The upper levels date back to ancient Greek and Roman times, while the lower are from Egypt’s pre-dynastic eras.
The Ministry of Antiquities’ mission working in Ismailia, called the Hassan Dawood archaeological area, has unearthed a part of a multi-layered cemetery “dating back to the Roman, Greek, and pre-dynastic eras,” the statement of the country’s Ministry noted on Thursday.
Nadia Khadr, the head of the Central Department of Nile Delta Antiquities, said that the first layer contains both mass graves and individual graves.
These were made of mud bricks and date back to Greek and Roman times.
Ismailia, a city in northeastern Egypt, is also known as the “City of Beauty and Enchantment.”
Did Ancient Greeks Discover America?
Dr. Enrico Mattievich, a retired Professor of Physics from the UFRJ, Brazil, suggested in 2011 that Odysseus’s journey to the Underworld took actually place in South America. The river Acheron was the Amazon, after a long voyage upstream Odysseus met the spirits of the dead at the confluence of the Rio Santiago and Rio Marañon.
In his book, Journey to the Mythological Inferno, which is a historical non-Fiction winners’ book, Mattievich exposes his thesis on ancient contacts between the Old World and America, based on Greek and Roman classical texts, leading to new ideas about America that many historians and geographers have been reluctant to consider until now.
Some time ago, the writer and archaeologist Henriette Mertz suggested that the legendary voyage of Odysseus and his ship’s crew, after the Trojan War – narrated in Homer’s Odyssey – would be a trip across the Atlantic, from the Gibraltar Straits to North America. She also suggested that the Argonauts could have navigated down to the South Atlantic Ocean, passed the mouth of the Amazon River to Rio de la Plata, and, following it upstream, reached Bolivian Altiplano and Thiaguanaco. Dr. Christine Pellech also suggested that Odyssey’s voyage to the Kingdom of the Dead was a real trip to America.
The thesis presented in the Journey to the Mythological Inferno claims that Greek and Roman myths related to the Underworld, the House of Hades, the Kingdom of the Dead or the Inferno, originated in South America, specifically in the Andean region of Peru, where the ruins of the Palace of Hades and Persephone, mentioned in Hesiod’s Theogony – written around 700 B.C. – still stand, known as Chavín de Huántar. This theory took form after Mattievich’s first visit to the archaeological site of Chavín de Huántar, in 1981.
In his book, Mattievich presents classical literature texts, such as Ovid’s Metamorphosis, that relate to the knowledge of America. The Cadmus myth, written by Ovid, for example, is estimated to be a myth immortalizing the heroic feat of the discovery and conquest of the Amazon River by the Phoenicians. The prehistoric presence of Phoenician navigators along the coast and rivers of Brazil, could be confirmed by hundreds of engraved inscriptions on rocks– called itacoatiaras – by natives of Brazil, where it’s often possible to recognize archaic Semitic and proto-Greek characters. The same name Brazil, according to Professor Cyrus Gordon, comes from the vocable brzl, used by Canaanites to denote iron.
The book has been published in English, Portuguese and Greek. For more information visit phoenicia.org
Reconsidering History: Ancient Greeks Discovered America Thousands of Years Ago
CAVALESE, Italy—The year 1492 is one of history’s most famous dates, when America was discovered by Europeans. However that “New World” may have been already known to the ancient Greeks, according to a book by Italian physicist and philologist Lucio Russo.
The translated title for Russo’s book would be “The Forgotten America: The Relationship Among Civilizations and an Error Made by Ptolemy.” But the author told the Epoch Times that the title for the English version, which isn’t ready yet, will probably be “When the World Shrunk.”
Some Clues
Among the many clues of contact between ancient Europeans and Native Americans are the few pre-Columbian texts to have survived the Spanish devastation.
In a book about the origins of the Maya-Quiché people there are many interesting points. The fathers of that civilization, according to the text, were “black people, white people, people of many faces, people of many languages,” and they came from the East. “And it isn’t clear how they crossed over the sea. They crossed over as if there were no sea,” says the text.
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However, researchers later decided to translate the Mayan word usually meant for “sea” as “lake.”
There are also many Mayan depictions and texts about men with beards. But Native Americans do not grow beards.
Furthermore, some artworks of the ancient Romans show pineapples, a fruit that originated in South America.
Ways of Thought
Russo, who currently teaches probability at Tor Vergata University of Rome, says the main reason why researchers think America wasn’t known to ancient Greeks is not due to lack of proof, but to scientific dogma.
For years, the theory that civilization evolves according to fixed stages has been dominant. For example, a civilization discovers fire, then invents the wheel, writing, and so on, all the way to modern technology and democracy. All civilizations are supposed to pass through these stages and they can be ranked according to their level of evolution.
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But Russo presents a different scenario: inventions, like writing or breeding, didn’t develop independently in every different civilization, but filtered from one to another.
It is also untrue that science becomes better and better with time. There were, in fact, many instances of scientific and cultural decay, like the destruction of Carthage and the fall of Greek civilization, from which the Romans inherited only a small portion of their scientific knowledge.
Importantly, one of the skills they didn’t inherit was how to navigate the oceans.
You can get an idea of this by considering that “the size of the ships in the Hellenistic era was exceeded only in the era of Napoleon” and that Columbus based his trip on a partial recovery of Hellenistic math, according to the book. The Greeks were, among other things, at that time the only civilization that was able to understand that the Earth was round—an understanding that was later lost.
Even today we are in an epoch of “scientific crisis,” Russo told the Epoch Times. But it’s a crisis different from that of Roman times. The modern decay hides itself using technological advancements as a mask and consists in shrinking the availability of knowledge, now the property of a few people.
The Error of Ptolemy
So, how did people come to forget America, if it is true that it was already known to the ancients? The error, according to the author, is mainly due to Ptolemy, who developed a world map finding a midpoint between the claims made by various ancient sources.
The key problem is the identification of the Fortunate Islands, which the ancient Greeks sometimes referred to, as the Canary Islands (near the West coast of Africa). But the Greeks were actually referring to the Antilles, according to Russo. The misunderstanding was due to the Romans and other post-Greek people’s disbelief and incapability of navigating the oceans.
With philological and mathematical reasoning, Russo leads the reader to understand the meaning of all of Ptolemy’s errors—which are generally considered pretty huge—showing how the knowledge of the planet by ancient Greeks was instead very precise. Ptolemy missed the latitude of Canary Islands by 15 degrees latitude, making them to appear on the point of the map were the Antilles would expected to be. Of course America was not on his map.
Reactions
According to Russo, the book prompted two kinds of extreme reactions. Scientists and philologists showed enthusiasm, while negative reactions came from historians and geographers, whom he said were often unable to understand some logical aspects of his works.
Russo thinks we have “a lot to learn” from the ancient Greeks. For example we should “try to limit excessive specialization,” because the most interesting things can be understood only by those who have a grasp of more than one aspect of human knowledge.
Greeks in ancient Egypt
Greeks have been present in Egypt since at least the 7th century BC or more. Herodotus visited ancient Egypt in the 5th century BC and claimed that the Greeks were one of the first groups of foreigners that ever lived there.[4] Diodorus Siculus claimed that Rhodian Actis, one of the Heliadae, built the city of Heliopolis before the cataclysm; likewise the Athenians built Sais. Siculus reports that all the Greek cities were destroyed during the cataclysm, but the Egyptian cities including Heliopolis and Sais survived.[5]
First historical colonies
According to Herodotus (ii. 154), King Psammetichus I (664–610 BC) established a garrison of foreign mercenaries at Daphnae, mostly Carians and Ionian Greeks.
In 7th century BC, after the Greek Dark Ages from 1100–750 BC, the city of Naucratis was founded in Ancient Egypt. It was located on the Canopic branch of the Nile river, 45 mi (72 km) from the open sea. It was the first and, for much of its early history, the only permanent Greek colony in Egypt; acting as a symbiotic nexus for the interchange of Greek and Egyptian art and culture.
At about the same time, the city of Heracleion, the closest to the sea, became an important port for Greek trade. It had a famous temple of Heracles. The city later sank into the sea, only to be rediscovered recently.
From the time of Psammetichus I onwards, Greek mercenary armies played an important role in some of the Egyptian wars. One such army was led by Mentor of Rhodes. Another such personage was Phanes of Halicarnassus.
Hellenistic times
Rule of Alexander the Great (332–323 BC)
Alexander the Great conquered Egypt at an early stage of his conquests. He respected the pharaonic religions and customs and he was proclaimed Pharaoh of Egypt. He established the city of Alexandria. After his death, in 323 BC, his empire was divided among his generals. Egypt was given to Ptolemy I Soter, whose descendants would give Egypt her final royal dynasty – a glittering one, largely Greek in flavor. Its capital was Alexandria. Ptolemy added legitimacy to his rule in Egypt by acquiring Alexander’s body. He intercepted the embalmed corpse on its way to burial, brought it to Egypt, and placed it in a golden coffin in Alexandria. It would remain one of the famous sights of the town for many years, until probably destroyed in riots in the 3rd century AD.[6]
The Ptolemaic dynasty (323–30 BC)
The initial objective of Ptolemy’s reign was to establish firm and broad boundaries to his newly acquired kingdom. That led to almost continuous warfare against other leading members of Alexander’s circle. At times he held Cyprus and even parts of mainland Greece. When these conflicts were over, he was firmly in control of Egypt and had strong claims (disputed by the Seleucid dynasty) to Palestine. He called himself king of Egypt from 306 BC. By the time he abdicated in 285 BC, in favour of one of his sons, the Ptolemaic dynasty was secure. Ptolemy and his descendants showed respect to Egypt’s most cherished traditions – those of religion – and turned them to their own advantage.
Alexandria became the centre of the Greek and Hellenistic world and the centre of international commerce, art and science. The Lighthouse of Alexandria was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World while during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the Library of Alexandria was the biggest library in the world until it was destroyed. The last Pharaoh was a Greek princess, Cleopatra VII, who took her own life in 30 BC, a year after the battle of Actium.[6]
Roman and Byzantine Egypt
Under Greco-Roman rule, Egypt hosted several Greek settlements, mostly concentrated in Alexandria, but also in a few other cities, where Greek settlers lived alongside some seven to ten million native Egyptians.[7] Faiyum‘s earliest Greek inhabitants were soldier-veterans and cleruchs (elite military officials) who were settled by the Ptolemaic kings on reclaimed lands.[8][9] Native Egyptians also came to settle in Faiyum from all over the country, notably the Nile Delta, Upper Egypt, Oxyrhynchus and Memphis, to undertake the labor involved in the land reclamation process, as attested by personal names, local cults and recovered papyri.[10] It is estimated that as much as 30 percent of the population of Faiyum was Greek during the Ptolemaic period, with the rest being native Egyptians.[11] By the Roman period, much of the “Greek” population of Faiyum was made up of either Hellenized Egyptians or people of mixed Egyptian-Greek origins.[12] By the time of Roman emperor Caracalla in the 2nd century CE, “genuine” ethnic Egyptians could be easily differentiated from Alexandria’s Greeks “by their speech.”[13]
While commonly believed to represent Greek settlers in Egypt,[14][15] the Fayum mummy portraits instead reflect the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the elite Greek minority in the city.[11] According to Walker, the early Ptolemaic Greek colonists married local women and adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, and by Roman times, their descendants were viewed as Egyptians by the Roman rulers, despite their own self-perception of being Greek.[16] The dental morphology[17] of the Roman-period Faiyum mummies was also compared with that of earlier Egyptian populations, and was found to be “much more closely akin” to that of ancient Egyptians than to Greeks or other European populations.[18] Victor J. Katz notes that “research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities”.[19]
Medieval Islamic and Ottoman era
Greek culture and political influence continued and perhaps reached its most influential times during the Ottoman Caliphate, which witnessed many Ottoman Sultans and Pashas of Greek ancestry rule over the Ottoman Empire in general, and Egypt in particular. Other notable Greeks in Egypt during the Ottoman period included Damat Hasan Pasha from the Morea, a governor of Egypt. Raghib Pasha, born in Greece to Greek parents, served as Prime Minister of Egypt. During the Ottoman Caliphate, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier to Suleiman the Magnificent from 1520–1566, is perhaps the best known.
Many Greek Muslims from Crete (often confusingly called Cretan Turks) were resettled in Egypt, Libya, Lebanon, and Syria by Sultan Abdul Hamid II after the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 that resulted in the autonomy of Crete (see the example of al-Hamidiyah, a largely Cretan Greek Muslim village in Syria).
Modern times
Greek community
In 1907, the census showed 62,973 Greeks living in Egypt. By 1940, Greeks numbered about 250,000. The Greek community in Alexandria lived around the church and convent of Sabbas the Sanctified. In the same area there was a guest house for Greek travelers, a Greek hospital and later a Greek school. The Greek Orthodox bishop was based in Damietta in the church of Nikolaos of Myrna.
In Cairo, the first organised Greek community was founded in 1856, with the community based in three main neighbourhoods: Tzouonia, Haret el Roum (Street of the Greeks), and in Hamzaoui. The patriarchate was based in Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Cathedral, Hamzaoui. The monastery of Saint George, in Old Cairo still survives. The monastery is surrounded by a huge wall and topped by a stone tower. Within its walls there was a Greek hospital, a school and housing for the elderly and poor.
In addition to the Greek communities of Alexandria and Cairo, there were the organised Greek communities of Mansoura, founded in 1860, Port Said, founded in 1870, Tanta in 1880, and the community of Zagazig in 1850. There were fifteen smaller communities across Egypt and mainly around Cairo and Alexandria. In Upper Egypt, the oldest ancient Greek community was the one of Minia which was founded in 1812.
The first banks in Egypt were crafted by Greeks, including the Bank of Alexandria, the Anglo-Egyptian bank (Sunadinos family / Συναδινός), and the General Bank of Alexandria. Also, it was the Greek agriculturists and farmers that first systematically and with scientific planning, cultivated cotton and tobacco. They improved the quantity and quality of production and dominated cotton and tobacco exports. Notable families in tobacco commerce were the Salvagos (Σαλβάγκος), Benakis (Μπενάκης), Rodochanakis (Ροδοχανάκης) and Zervoudachis (Ζερβουδάκης).[20] The tobacco cultivars used for cigarette manufacturing, e.g., by Kyriazi Freres, were of Greek origin. A thriving commerce between Greece and Egypt was thus established. Other areas of interest for the Greeks in Egypt were foods, wine, soap, wood crafts, printing.
In the food industry, the macaroni industries of Melachrinos (Μελαχροινός) and Antoniadis (Αντωνιάδης) were well known. Another example was the cheese and butter production of Argyriou (Αργυρίου), Roussoglou (Ρουσσόγλου) and Paleoroutas (Παλαιορούτας). Chocolate-Biscuits and Toffee producers were: Daloghlou (Δαλόγλου), Russos (Ρούσσος), Repapis (Ρεπάπης); Oil-soaps-vegetable fats (Salt & Soda) producers like Zerbinis (Ζερμπίνης) were based in Kafr al-Zayat. There were many Greek theatres and cinemas. Major Greek newspapers were Ta grammata (Τα Γράμματα), “Tahidromos”(Ταχυδρόμος), and Nea Zoi (Νέα Ζωή).[21] The Greek community in Egypt has produced numerous artists, writers, diplomats and politicians, the most famous being the poet Constantine P. Cavafy (Κωνσταντίνος Καβάφης), also the painter Konstantinos Parthenis (Κωνσταντίνος Παρθένης).
During the Balkan Wars, the Greek communities of Egypt sent volunteers, funded hospitals, and accommodated families of the soldiers. During World War II (1940–1945), more than 7000 Greeks fought for the Allies in the Middle East; 142 died. Their financial contribution reached 2500 million Egyptian pounds.[22] After the Suez Crisis, the British and French laborers left while the Greeks stayed.[23]
Patriarchate of Alexandria
Greek-Egyptian benefactors
The emergence of a Greek aristocracy of rich industrialists, commercants and bankers created the legacy of Greek-Egyptian philanthropism. These benefactors donated large amounts for the building of schools, academies, hospitals and institutions in both Egypt and Greece. Michail Tositsas donated large amounts for the building of the Athens University, the Amalio Orphanage and the Athens Polytechnic. His wife Eleni Tositsa donated the land for the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. George Averoff also contributed to the building of the National Technical University of Athens, the Evelpidon Military Academy and the donation of the cruiser Averoff to the Hellenic Navy. Emmanouil Benakis contributed to the building of the National Gallery of Athens, while his son Antonis Benakis was the founder of the Benaki Museum. Other major benefactors include Nikolaos Stournaras, Theodoros Kotsikas, Nestoras Tsanaklis, Konstantinos Horemis, Stefanos Delta, Penelope Delta, Pantazis Vassanis and Vassilis Sivitanidis.[20]
Exodus
The exodus of Greeks from Egypt started before the coup d’etat of 1952. With the establishment of the new sovereign regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser, rise of Pan-Arab nationalism, and the subsequent nationalisation of many industries in 1961 and 1963, thousands of Greek employees decided to emigrate. Many of them emigrated to Australia, the United States, Canada, South Africa, Western Europe, and Greece. Many Greek schools, churches, small communities and institutions subsequently closed, but many continue to function to this day. The Nasser regime saw a big exodus of the Greeks from Egypt, but most of the minority left the country either before or after the period 1952–1970. The Arab-Israeli wars of 1956 and 1967 contributed to the uprooting of the sizeable Greek community in the Suez Canal cities, especially Port Said.[citation needed]
Today
Today the Greek community numbers officially about 5,000 people[24] although many of Greek origin are now counted as Egyptian, having changed their nationality. In Alexandria, apart from the Patriarchate, there is a Patriarchal theology school that opened recently after 480 years being closed. Saint Nicholas church in Cairo and several other buildings in Alexandria have been recently renovated by the Greek Government and the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation. Saint George’s church in Old Cairo is undergoing restoration to end in 2014. During the last decade, there has been a new interest from the Egyptian government for a diplomatic rapprochement with Greece and this has positively affected the Greek Diaspora. The Diaspora has received official visits of many Greek politicians. Economic relationships between Greece and Egypt have expanded. As of 2010, Egypt has received major Greek investments in banking, tourism, paper, the oil industry, & many others. In 2009, a five-year cooperation-memorandum was signed among the NCSR Demokritos Institute in Agia Paraskevi, Athens and the University of Alexandria, regarding Archeometry research and contextual sectors.[25]
Notable Greeks from Egypt
Greeks of Cyrene (the Cyrenaica is a region corresponding to modern eastern Libya) are also included, as during antiquity it held close relations to the Egyptian kingdoms, and at some points, also used to be a part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. The presence of an asterisk (*) next to a person’s name denotes that the person was born outside of Egypt, however the most part of this person’s life or most important work occurred while in Egypt.
| Antiquity7th – 1st century B.C.E | Roman and Byzantine era1st – 7th century C.E. | Arab Caliphate &Ottoman era
7th – 19th century [26] |
Contemporary20th – 21st century | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battus I of Cyrene *Ruler, 7th century B.C.E., Cyrene |  |
Hero of AlexandriaEngineer, 1st century B.C.E. or C.E., Alexandria | Jean DessèsFashion designer, 1904 – 1970, Alexandria | ||||
| Theodorus of CyreneMathematician, 5th century B.C.E., Cyrene | |||||||
 |
AristippusPhilosopher, 435 – 356 B.C.E., Cyrene | Chaeremon of AlexandriaPhilosopher, 1st century C.E., Alexandria |  |
Alexander IolasArt collector, 1907 – 1987, Alexandria | |||
| Aristaeus the Elder *Mathematician, 370 – 300 B.C.E., Alexandria | Menelaus of AlexandriaMathematician, 70 – 140 C.E., Alexandria |  |
George Averoff *Businessman, 1815 – 1899, Alexandria | Kimon Evan MarengoCartoonist, 1907 – 1988, Zifta | |||
 |
Ptolemy I Soter *Ruler, 367 – 282 B.C.E., Alexandria |  |
PtolemyGeographer, 90 – 168 C.E., Alexandria | Emmanouil Benakis *Politician, 1843 – 1929, Alexandria |  |
Nikos TsiforosDirector, 1909 – 1970, Alexandria | |
| Philitas of Cos *Poet, 340 – 285 B.C.E., Alexandria | Sosigenes of AlexandriaAstronomer, 1st century C.E., Alexandria |  |
Ioannis Pesmazoglou *Economist, 1857 – 1906, Alexandria | ||||
| Theodorus the AtheistPhilosopher, 340 – 250 B.C.E., Cyrene | Thrasyllus of MendesMathematician, 1st century C.E., Alexandria | ||||||
 |
Euclid *Mathematician, 325 – 265 B.C.E., Alexandria |  |
Clement of AlexandriaTheologian, 150 – 211 C.E., Alexandria |  |
Constantine CavafyPoet, 1863 – 1933, Alexandria | Mary Giatra LemouAuthor, 1915 – 1989, Alexandria | |
| Magas of CyreneRuler, 317 – 250 B.C.E., Cyrene | Antonis BenakisBusinessman, 1873 – 1954, Alexandria | Dinos IliopoulosActor, 1915 – 2001, Alexandria | |||||
 |
Ptolemy II Philadelphus *Ruler, 309 – 246 B.C.E., Alexandria | Dimitrios Kasdaglis *Athlete, 1872 – 1931, Alexandria | |||||
| CallimachusPoet, 305 – 240 B.C.E., Cyrene |  |
DiophantusMathematician, ~210 – ~290 C.E., Alexandria |  |
Penelope DeltaAuthor, 1874 – 1941, Alexandria | Voula ZouboulakiActor, 1924, Cairo | ||
 |
CtesibiusEngineer, 285 – 222 B.C.E., Alexandria |  |
Catherine of AlexandriaTheologian, 282 – 305 C.E., Alexandria |  |
Konstantinos ParthenisPainter, 1878 – 1967, Alexandria | Jani ChristouComposer, 1926 – 1970, Cairo | |
| Conon of Samos *Astronomer, 280 – 220 B.C.E., Alexandria | Pappus of AlexandriaMathematician, 290 – 350 C.E., Alexandria |  |
Konstantinos TsaldarisPolitician, 1884 – 1970, Alexandria |  |
Nelly MazloumDancer, 1929 – 2003, Alexandria [27] | ||
 |
EratosthenesMathematician, 276 – 194 B.C.E., Alexandria | Theon of AlexandriaMathematician, 335 – 405 C.E., Alexandria |  |
Constantin XenakisArtist, 1931, Cairo | |||
| Apollonius of RhodesPoet, 3rd century B.C.E., Alexandria |  |
HypatiaMathematician, 370 – 416 C.E., Alexandria | |||||
| Sostratus of Cnidus *Engineer, 3rd century B.C.E., Alexandria | PalladasPoet, 4th century C.E., Alexandria | Antigone CostandaModel, 1934, Alexandria | |||||
| HypsiclesMathematician, 190 – 120 B.C.E., Alexandria | Isidore of AlexandriaPhilosopher, 450 – 520 C.E., Alexandria |  |
Georges MoustakiSinger, 1934 – 2013, Alexandria | ||||
| Dionysius of CyreneMathematician, 2nd century B.C.E., Cyrene | Hierocles of AlexandriaPhilosopher, 5th century C.E., Alexandria | ||||||
| Eudorus of AlexandriaPhilosopher, 1st century B.C.E., Alexandria | Hesychius of AlexandriaAuthor, 5th century C.E., Alexandria | Manos LoïzosComposer, 1937 – 1982, Alexandria | |||||
| Aretaphila of CyreneRevolutionary, 1st century B.C.E., Cyrene | George LeonardosAuthor, 1937, Alexandria | ||||||
 |
Cleopatra VIIRuler, 69 – 30 B.C.E., Alexandria | Clea BadaroPainter, 1913 – 1968, Alexandria | |||||
| Nikos PerakisDirector, 1944, Alexandria | |||||||
 |
Demetrio StratosSinger, 1945 – 1979, Alexandria | ||||||
 |
Demis RoussosSinger, 1946 – 2015, Alexandria | ||||||
| Andreas Gerasimos MichalitsianosAstronomer, 1947 – 1997, Alexandria | |||||||
| Nora ValsamiActress, 1948, Cairo | |||||||
 |
Alkistis ProtopsaltiSinger, 1954, Alexandria | ||||||
| Alex ProyasDirector, 1963, Cairo |
See also
References
- English version of Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports a few thousandhttp://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/egypt-en/bilateral-relations/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html and Greek version 3.800 http://www.mfa.gr/dimereis-sheseis-tis-ellados/aigyptos/morphotikes-politistikes-sxeseis-kai-apodimos-ellinismos.html
- Number higher when counting those who have taken Egyptian citizenship
- Rippin, Andrew (2008). World Islam: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN978-0415456531.
- Α΄ Η διαχρονική πορεία του ελληνισμού στην ΑφρικήArchived 2013-05-25 at WebCite
- The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, Book V,57.
- “HISTORY OF EGYPT”. www.historyworld.net. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- Adams, Winthrope L in Bugh, Glenn Richard. ed. “The Hellenistic Kingdoms”. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006, p. 39
- Stanwick, Paul Edmund. Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003, p. 23
- Adams, op cit.
- Bagnall, R.S. in Susan Walker, ed. Ancient Faces : Mummy Portraits in Roman Egypt (Metropolitan Museum of Art Publications). New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 27
- Bagnall, op cit.
- Bagnall, pp. 28–29
- qtd. in Alan K. Bowman, Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC – AD 642, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, p. 126: “genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech.”
- Egyptology Online: Fayoum mummy portraitsArchived 2007-08-08 at the Wayback Machine accessed on January 16, 2007
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Egyptian art and architecture – Greco-Roman Egypt accessed on January 16, 2007
- Walker, Susan, op cit., p. 24
- Dentition helps archaeologists to assess biological and ethnic population traits and relationships
- Irish JD (2006). “Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples.”. Am J Phys Anthropol 129 (4): 529-43
- Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 184. Addison Wesley, ISBN0-321-01618-1: “But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted […] So should we assume that Ptolemy and Diophantus, Pappus and Hypatia were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities […] And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become “Hellenized,” to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist.“
- kathimerini.gr | Αιγυπτιώτης Eλληνισμός· κοιτίδα ευεργετισμούArchived 2013-01-07 at archive.today
- Noctoc: The Greeks Of Egypt-Οι Έλληνες Της Αιγύπτου-اليونانيون في مصر
- Η προσφορά του Ελληνισμού της Αιγύπτου στο Β΄Παγκόσμιο ΠόλεμοArchived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- “Αρχαία Αίγυπτος”. www.neo.gr. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- “The Lighthouse Dims”. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- Cooperation memorandum signed among NCSR D and Alexandria University, EgyptArchived 2009-07-05 at the Wayback Machine 29/1/2009, retrieved on 31/1/2009
- While creating the table entries, it was very hard to find any details for Greeks in Egypt during the Arab and later Ottoman period. This may be due to the Islamic practice where the subjects of a kingdom adopt Islamic names, thus making it hard to distinguish nationality by name. With the French and English interventions in Egypt during the 18th and 19th century, the first Greek organised communities arise, giving a lot of information about Greek Egyptians of this era.
Sources
- Dalachanis, Angelos (2017). The Greek Exodus from Egypt: Diaspora Politics and Emigration 1937-1962. London: Berghann. ISBN978-1-78533-447-4.
External links
- The Greek community of Alexandria official website
- Egyptian Hellenism Department-Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive
- Greeks in Egypt-Greek communities Blog
- Pyramis – online newspaper of the Greek community in Egypt
- Collection of Books and Documents concerning Greeks in Egypt – ANEMI The Digital Library of University of Crete
The Greek Connection of Ancient Druids
Druids were the ancient religious leaders, mystics, philosophers and tribal judges of the Celts in Britain, Ireland and Gaul (major part of modern day Western Europe). Much of the information we have about druids comes from roman times when the Romans were expanding their empire towards the west. References to the druids were also made by ancient Greek writers and during the middle ages.
There are a number of points that seem to connect druids with the ancient Greek civilization. Druids get their name from the Greek word for oak tree which is “driis” (in Greek ΔΡΥΣ). Since time immemorial, the oak tree was a sacred tree for ancient Greeks. The oak tree was the sacred tree of the Greek royal families of Macedonia. Many of the Macedonian crowns or wreaths found in royal tombs in Greece depict oak branches and leafs. The oak tree was also the sacred tree of ancient Greek gods Gaia and later Zeus. Also, an oak tree believed to have prophetic powers stood by the ancient oracle of Dodoni.
In the Gaellic Wars a book written in Roman times by Julius Caesar, we can find evidence that druids used the Greek language:
” They (the druids) are said there to learn by heart a great number of verses; accordingly some remain in the course of training twenty years. Nor do they regard it lawful to commit these to writing, though in almost all other matters, in their public and private transactions, they use Greek characters. That practice they seem to me to have adopted for two reasons; because they neither desire their doctrines to be divulged among the mass of the people, nor those who learn, to devote themselves the less to the efforts of memory, relying on writing; since it generally occurs to most men, that, in their dependence on writing, they relax their diligence in learning thoroughly, and their employment of the memory.”
Lebor Gabála Érenn (an ancient Irish collection of poems and narratives) refers to the Greek Partholon who reached Ireland after the big flood. He came from Macedonia or central Greece with his wife; his three sons and their wives and three Druids, Fios, Eólas, Fochmarc. The names of the three druids mean cognition, κnowledge and inquiry. As it happens with myths they carry a core of truth. In this case the story could signify that knowledge was brought to Ireland by Greek settlers who brought with them wise men to spread knowledge and educate locals (druids).
“It is certainly no coincidence that the Irish Gaelic word Dun or Dunn means “Judge,” just as Dan does in Hebrew!” –
Raymond McNair
The ancient connections between the Irish Tuatha Dé Dannan and the Greek Tribe of Dan have been documented all throughout history. The “History of Ireland,” in the Peabody Institute, states that the residents, prior to the Tuatha De Dananns, were descendants of 5,000 people from Greece called Foibalges. The next to appear, about 717 B.C., under a king called Nuad, were the “Tuatha De Danann,” said in Irish to be “the tribe of Dan.
This makes sense since the old people of Ireland were once named after their tribe as the Dan-onians, and the most famous Irish ballad is forever immortalized after this tribe in the song “Danny Boy.”
The true Irish saga of the tribe of Dan, is a fascinating “trail” of waymarks along the path of this tribe’s journey. These waymarks are the signs and symbols that the Tribe of Dan had left in all the places they had travelled and conquered such as Ireland. They gave their name to many places that were known biblically as Mahaneh Dan (“Camps of Dan”). In Ptolemy’s map of Ireland we find Dan’s- Lough, Dan-Sowar, Dan-Sobairse, Dan’s resting place, and Dan’s habitation, and Dan-gan Castle (the birth-place of the Duke of Wellington).
Many great scholars and authors on ancient Irish History almost all agree that the Irish Tuatha Danaan were the descendants of the Greek Danaoi, or Danaans who colonized ancient Ireland and were the first High Kings of the emerald isle. The Irish Tuatha Dé Dannan were the Western Descendants of the Phoenician/Greek “Danaans” who were also known as the “Tribe of Dan (Danaë).”
In the “Annals of Ireland” it is written: “The Dan-ans were a highly civilized people, well skilled in architecture and other arts, from long residence in Greece and their intercourse with the 130 12 Phoenicians. Their first appearance in Ireland was 1200 B.C., [Jud. 5,. ver. 17].” Jeremiah writes: “For a voice declareth from Dan, and publish the affliction from mount Ephraim . . . publish against Jerusalem, that watchers come from a far country, and give out their voice against the cities of Judah ” (4, ver. 15, 16), as if Dan dwelt in a “far country.”
In the Scripture, the Tribe of Dan was originally on of the Tribes of Israel who was the second biggest behind the Tribe of Judah who were named after and who had the territory of Mount Ida on Crete. According to the Book of Genesis, Dan (Hebrew: דָּן, Standard Dan Tiberian Dān; “judgment” or “he judged”) was the fifth son of Jacob with Bilhah. He was Bilhah’s first son. He was the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Dan. Their symbol is the serpent, and the name Dan means Judge.
The 4th century B.C. Greek historian Hecateus of Abdera (quoted by Diodorus Siculus) had written that the Egyptians, formerly being troubled by calamities [the Ten Plagues at the time of the Exodus] in order that the divine wrath might be averted, expelled all the [Israelite] aliens gathered together in Egypt. The worship of the Gods having been neglected on account of the foreigners in Egypt, the Egyptians were warned by a pestilence to drive away the pollution. Of these, some, under their leaders Danuss and Cadmus, migrated into Greece; others into other regions, the greater part into Syria [Canaan]. Their leader is said to have been Moses, a man renowned for wisdom and courage, founder and legislator of the state who led them into Judea. Herodotus had said that the Curetes had come to Crete with the Phoenician Prince Cadmus.
The Danaoi, or Danaans, which had at onetime possessed colonies in the Black Sea region around the mouths of the rivers Danube, Don, and Dnieper. The chiefs/kings of the Danaoi, or Danaans, who had claimed descent from the ancient Greco-Egyptian Pharaoh Danaus (Tanaus or Dan I), and also Pharaoh Horemheb (Horemhab or Haremhab – meaning Horus is in Jubilation). Before he became pharaoh, Horemheb was the commander and chief of the army under the reigns of Tutankamun and Ay. The 3.6 m large naophorous statue of Horemheb (Harmais) Cairo CG 1230 was found at Naukratis, the only Greek city in Egypt before Alexander.
Pharaoh Dan I was the last Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty from either 1319 BC to late 1292 BC, or 1306 to late 1292 BC (if he ruled for 14 years). The English Dan was known by the Egyptian name of Horemheb are Αρμαις (H/Arma-is or Harmais) and Αρμαιος (H/Armai-os or Hormose). I have found that the names of Harmais or Hormose to be very similar to Moses and it was Moses who led his peoples in the exodus from Egypt that is well attested for in the bible.
Herodotus stated that certain people of the ancient Greeks had actually came from Egypt. He claimed that DaNae, the daughter of Acrisus, was the ancestor of the Dorian princes in southern Greece (Herodotus, VI, 1, iii). Diodorus said the following: “They say also that those who set forth with Danaus, likewise from Egypt, settled what is practically the oldest city of Greece, Argos, and that the nations of the Colchi in Pontus and that of the Jews, which lies between Arabia and Syria, were founded as colonies by certain emigrants from their country . . .” (Diodorus, Bk. I, xxviii, 1-5).
In the mythical story passed down by ancient Greek historians; Pharaoh Sesostris (and Egyptian name of Horemheb), having during his own war-expeditions to foreign lands placed his brother Harmais (Danaus) as regent, or viceroy in Egypt. While Sesostris was on expedition, his brother Horemheb or Harmais (Danaus) had conspired to destroy Sesostris and all his family in order to take the throne. Upon Sesostris learning of the plot and on his return to Egypt, he then expelled his brother Harmais (Danaus) from Egyptian lands. Harmais (Danaus) then led an exodus out of Egypt to Argos and founded there the Danaid Dynasty or more commonly known as the Tribe of Dan, which succeeded that of Inachos.
The Tribe of Dan was said to have conquered the Mediterranean islands of Crete and Cyprus like many other empire after them where they brought the waymark of the serpent. The mythical name of Argos meaning shining and white was just another of the many names for Crete that an island of white sand, white limestone mountains and a shining long history. In Homer’s Iliad the “Danaans” and “Tribe of Danaë,” are referred to as the grandchildren of Belus (Phoenician ‘Baal’) who gave their name to the “Argives.”
Their territory was very close to or exactly in the same place to that of the ancient Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon in Crete. It is said in the Scripture that they also intermarried with these Phoenicians (2 Chronicles 2:14) which was eventually outlawed in Israel (Deuteronomy 7:3, Leviticus 21:14).The Danaans were the only Tribe of Israel who were known as sailors and a seafaring race which was unusual for the Israelite tribes. This is key in understanding how they not only ended up in Ireland under the name of the Tuatha Dé Dannan, but also in many other countries such as Denmark (Dan-Mark) where they brought the ways of the serpent waymark to these lands.
Irish Historian, Thomas Moore had written that the Tuatha de Danaan (Tribe of Dana), “after sojourning for some time in Greece… proceeded from thence to Denmark and Norway”. Author Geoffrey Keating (ca.1570 1646)had said that the Danaans were a people of great learning and wealth; they left Greece after a battle with the Assyrians, and went to Ireland; and also to Danmark, and called it “DAN-mares”, “Dan’s country.” According to The Essential Teachings of Herbert W. Armstrong, the Tribe of Dan left their serpent waymarks at “Danslaugh,” “Dansower,” “Dundalke,” “Dundrum,” “Donegal Bay,” “Donegel City,” “Dunglow,” “Londonderry,” and ” Dingle,”
The book entitled Hellenosemitica: An Ethinic and Cultural Study in West Semitic Impact on Mycenaean Greece by Michael C. Astour clearly shows that the Greek “Hellenes” and the Israelite “Semites” were closely related. Astour mentions two branches of the Danites (“Danunians” and “Danaans”), and shows that these people once occupied the island of Cyprus. It also mentions the Cyprian “tradition of the Danaan migration from the eastern Mediterranean” (pp. 14, 79).
The Greek myths of the Kings of the Danaoi, or Danaans who had all claimed descent from King Danus; who also had led a migration from Egypt (Israel) to Greece. The beginning of Greek history is often dated to this “exile” from Egypt of the Danaoi, who appear in classical writings as the “Danaans.” You will also find them under other spellings such as the Danaoi (Danaoi used 138 times in the Iliad), Danaus, Danae,Danaans, Danoi, Danaids,or Dananites.
“The Danites ruled about two centuries until the arrival of the Milesians, which took place, 1000 years before the Christian era.’ Thus the date of the arrival of the FIRST COLONY OF DANAANS WOULD BE 1200 B.C., or 85 years after Deborah and Barak’s victory, when we are told Dan had ships…The early connection with Greece, Phoenician and Egypt is constantly alluded throughout the Chronicles [of Ireland] and records of the Irish Dannans” (Dan Pioneer of Israel, pp.30-31, emphasis added). This first batch of Danites that went to Ireland were called the “Tuatha de Danaan.” The word tuath simply means “tribe”—“Tuath… Irish history… A‘TRIBE’ or ‘people’ in Ireland” (New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 441).
In the ancient Annals of Clonmacnoise we read of the Tuatha de Danaan: “Upon them [the Firbolgs] came in the people called Twathy De Danaan out of Greece too. Being a Branch of the same stock that Firbolgs were of and were kinsmen. During the time of Firbolg, which was 37 years, there reigned in Assyria 3 monarchs. . . . Twathy De Danaan after they had spent much time abroad in learning necromancy, magic, and other diabolical arts wherein they were exceedingly well skilled, and in those days accounted the chiefest in the world in that profession.
Landed in the west part of Connaught. Forbolgs hearing of their coming made towards them, and meeting them in a great plain called Moytoyrey in Connaught, fought with them, where Firbolg was overthrown and one hundred thousand of them slaine with their said King Eochy McEirche, which was the greatest slaughter that was hard of in Ireland in one meeting” (Annals of Clonmacnoise From the Creation to A.D. 1408, 1627 edition, quoted by Raymond McNair, in an unpublished manuscript on “The Lost Ten Tribes of Israel,” p. 149).
We can find some of these Ancient Irish Tuatha Dé Dannan kings of Ireland such as Tech- baoithin, Baithen, Baithin, Baithan, Baetin, Baitan Mor (“Baithen the Great”), Boythan, Bothan, Bathan, Baeda, and Baedan. He was also called Mogue or Modoc (Mo-Aedh-og), “the beloved Aidan’” who was Áed mac Ainmuirech high-king of the Northern Uí Néill.
Saint Columba had written on King Baedan;
“To every cow belongs its calf,” Colum Cille said:
0 God, wilt thou not drive off the fog, which envelopes our number,
The host which has deprived us of our livelihood,
The host which proceeds around the cams’!
He is a son of storm who betrays us.
My Druid,—he will not refuse me,—is the Son of God, and may he side with me;
How grandly he bears his course, the steed of Baedan” before the host;
Power by Baedan of the yellow hair will be borne from Ireland on him [the steed].
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“the ancient hebrew lexicon of the bible” from Jeff Benner, free pdf
hebrew letters, words & roots defined within their ancient cultural context
imo, this is the “original language”
hebrew letters = rotated greek letters, merely written from right to left
look for “79 A.D. no more: Pompeii got buried in 1631”
on stolenhistory . org
fake HIStory & scripted reality
ancient Rome = ancient Greece = ancient Egypt = ancient Babylon
= all the same Old Empire
being destroyed since the 1600’s, many earthquakes (deliberately provoqued with DEW) in the 1700’s and installation of the parasitic actual system in the 1800’s
please note:
the common denominator of ALL S.Th.N.ists = gender INVERSION since birth
study anatomy & ye shall recognize your enemy
Why this website use Cloudflere, the BILL GATES and George Soros bought shit for ‘protection ?!’
Because Cloudflare are actually useful when I am under attack, by Jewish Cyber Attacks.