India and Pakistan ‘escalate nuclear arms race’

“India and Pakistan are increasing the size and sophistication of their nuclear arsenals. Both countries are developing and deploying new types of nuclear-capable ballistic and cruise missiles and both are increasing their military fissile material production capabilities,” it said in its 2012 yearbook.

India unveiled its first nuclear-powered submarine earlier this year and is expected to launch its first nuclear-armed submarine some time next year to complete its land, sea and air capability.

Pakistan is believed to have slightly more nuclear warheads than India – 90 to 110 compared with New Delhi’s 80-100. But experts say the figures may not include Pakistan’s growing number of short-range tactical weapons.

Dr Anupam Srivastava, leading nuclear security expert and director of the Centre for International Trade and Security at Georgia University, said the concern over Pakistan’s build-up of tactical nuclear weapons is that it has a “first-use policy”. “In a conflict between India and Pakistan, Pakistan’s policy is that it can and will be the first to use nuclear weapons. Faced with India’s conventional military superiority, they’ve tried to build an additional layer of security for themselves to deter a conventional strike,” he said.

The danger is that the two countries have yet to develop the channels of dialogue between their military chiefs to ensure there are no catastrophic misunderstandings over troop movements and military exercises. “This doesn’t exist for tactical weapons between India and Pakistan,” he added.

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