Some States Did Not Legally Ratify the 16th Amendment

IRS-taxes-constitution

Bill Benson’s findings, published in “The Law That
Never Was,” make a convincing case that the 16th amendment was not
legally ratified and that Secretary of State Philander Knox was not merely
in error, but committed fraud when he declared it ratified in February
1913.

What follows is a summary of some of the major findings for many of
the states, showing that their ratifications were not legal and should not
have been counted.

The 16th amendment had been sent out in 1909 to the state governors for
ratification by the state legislatures after having been passed by
Congress. There were 48 states at that time, and three-fourths, or 36, of
them were required to give their approval in order for it to be ratified.

The process took almost the whole term of the Taft administration, from
1909 to 1913.

Knox had received responses from 42 states when he declared the 16th
amendment ratified on February 25, 1913, just a few days before leaving
office to make way for the administration of Woodrow Wilson.

Knox
acknowledged that four of those states (Utah, Conn, R.I. and N.H.) had
rejected it, and he counted 38 states as having approved it. We will now
examine some of the key evidence Bill Benson found regarding the approval
of the amendment in many of those states.

In Kentucky, the legislature acted on the amendment without even having
received it from the governor (the governor of each state was to transmit
the proposed amendment to the state legislature).

The version of the
amendment that the Kentucky legislature made up and acted upon omitted the
words “on income” from the text, so they weren’t even voting on
an income tax!

When they straightened that out (with the help of the
governor), the Kentucky senate rejected the amendment. Yet Philander Knox
counted Kentucky as approving it!

In Oklahoma, the legislature changed the wording of the amendment so
that its meaning was virtually the opposite of what was intended by
Congress, and this was the version they sent back to Knox.

Yet Knox
counted Oklahoma as approving it, despite a memo from his chief legal
counsel, Reuben Clark, that states were not allowed to change it in any
way.

Attorneys who have studied the subject have agreed that Kentucky and
Oklahoma should not have been counted as approvals by Philander Knox, and,
moreover, if any state could be shown to have violated its own state
constitution or laws in its approval process, then that state’s approval
would have to be thrown out.

That gets us past the “presumptive
conclusion” argument, which says that the actions of an executive
official cannot be judged by a court, and admits that Knox could be wrong.

If we subtract Kentucky and Oklahoma from the 38 approvals above, the
count of valid approvals falls to 36, the exact number needed for
ratification. If any more states can be shown to have had invalid
approvals, the 16th amendment must be regarded as null and void.

The state constitution of Tennessee prohibited the state legislature
from acting on any proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution sent by
Congress until after the next election of state legislators.

The intent,
of course, is to give the proposed amendment a chance to become an issue
in the state legislative elections so that the people can have a voice in
determining the outcome. It also provides a cooling off period to reduce
the tendency to approve an idea just because it happens to be the moment’s
trend.

You’ve probably already guessed that the Tennessee legislature did
not hold off on voting for the amendment until after the next election,
and you’d be right – they didn’t; hence, they acted upon it illegally
before they were authorized to do so.

They also violated their own state
constitution by failing to read the resolution on three different days as
prescribed by Article II, Section 18. These state constitutional
violations make their approval of the amendment null and void.

Their
approval is and was invalid, and it brings the number of approving states
down to 35, one less than required for ratification.

Texas and Louisiana violated provisions in their state constitutions
prohibiting the legislatures from empowering the federal government with
any additional taxing authority. Now the number is down to 33.

Twelve other states, besides Tennessee, violated provisions in their
constitutions requiring that a bill be read on three different days before
voting on it.

This is not a trivial requirement. It allows for a cooling
off period; it enables members who may be absent one day to be present on
another; it allows for a better familiarity with, and understanding of,
the measure under consideration, since some members may not always read a
bill or resolution before voting on it (believe it or not!).

States
violating this procedure were: Mississippi, Ohio, Arkansas, Minnesota, New
Mexico, West Virginia, Indiana, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota,
Colorado, and Illinois. Now the number is reduced to 21 states legally
ratifying the amendment.

When Secretary Knox transmitted the proposed amendment to the states,
official certified and sealed copies were sent. Likewise, when state
results were returned to Knox, it was required that the documents,
including the resolution that was actually approved, be properly
certified, signed, and sealed by the appropriate official(s).

This is no
more than any ordinary citizen has to do in filing any legal document, so
that it’s authenticity is assured; otherwise it is not acceptable and is
meaningless. How much more important it is to authenticate a
constitutional amendment!?!

Yet a number of states did not do this,
returning uncertified, unsigned, and/or unsealed copies, and did not
rectify their negligence even after being reminded and warned by Knox.

The
most egregious offenders were Ohio, California, Arkansas, Mississippi, and
Minnesota – which did not send any copy at all, so Knox could not have
known what they even voted on!

Since four of these states were already
disqualified above, California is now subtracted from the list of valid
approvals, reducing it to 20.

These last five states, along with Kentucky and Oklahoma, have
particularly strong implications with regard to the fraud charge against
Knox, in that he cannot be excused for not knowing they shouldn’t have
been counted.

Why was he in such a hurry? Why did he not demand that they
send proper documentation? They never did.

Further review would make the list dwindle down much more, but with the
number down to 20, sixteen fewer than required, this is a suitable place
to rest, without getting into the matter of several states whose
constitutions limited the taxing authority of their legislatures, which
could not give to the federal govern authority they did not have.

The results from the six states Knox had not heard from at the time he
made his proclamation do not affect the conclusion that the amendment was
not legally ratified.

Of those six: two (Virginia and Pennsylvania) he
never did hear from, because they ignored the proposed amendment; Florida
rejected it; two others (Vermont and Massachusetts) had rejected it much
earlier by recorded votes, but, strangely, submitted to the Secretary
within a few days of his ratification proclamation that they had passed it
(without recorded votes).

West Virginia had purportedly approved it at the
end of January 1913, but its notification had not yet been received
(remember that West Virginia had violated its own constitution, as noted
above).

 

Origional date unknown – GiveMeLiberty

Reposted May 15, 2013 – KnowTheLies

 

Source Article from http://www.knowthelies.com/node/8950

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