Geneticists Decode the European Genome

A team of geneticists were recently successful in sequencing a 37,000 year old European genome in Copenhagen. This permitted them to determine the genetic history of Europe’s earliest modern humans. Analysis revealed that Scandinavians were most closely related to the prehistoric Cro-Magnon peoples, who are most famous for their ancient cave-wall paintings in southern Lascaux, France. The Cro-Magnon lived in Europe from 20,000 – 50,000 B.C, only a fraction of the 400,000 years the Neanderthals inhabited Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. There was indeed a very narrow window of time in which the two cohabited the continent together. What is not known is what led to the demise of the Neanderthal, whether they simply could not compete for resources with a more intelligent and resourceful Cro-Magnon or whether there was a more aggressive reason all together. The test also revealed that other traits thought shared by both Middle Easterners and Europeans, and were believed to be the by-product of interbreeding some 7,000 years ago, had already existed in Europeans at a very early date. This, of course, is our white skin, which geneticists used to believe was brought by farmers from Syria. This study clearly establishes the long history of the two trademarks of of the northern European, or Nordic, phenotype, light-skin and blue eyes. This study, recently published in Science, not only illuminates many key issues concerning the origin of ancient white Europeans, but also demonstrates that white Europeans were a distinct species from Africans.

Another study, done the same year, was even more conclusive. A recent DNA study conducted by Dr. David Reich of Harvard University Medical School proves that 90 percent of those claiming white European descent, can trace their ancestry back to a single founding population that lived in Europe 35,000 years ago. This group inhabited a region of northwestern Europe in what is today Belgium. Another independent study not done by Dr. Reich, confirms that 34,000 years ago early humans apparently, contrary to what we have been told, were aware interbreeding between gene pools can also cause significant problems for future populations if they are truly of a different species or race. There seems to be evidence, widespread practice from Africa and through Eurasia including Europe of mating networks to select the ideal mate. This was also used to curb inbreeding as well, which, according to the article, was also seen as a threat to the gene pool. Thus, as far as Europeans are concern, we see evidence at a very early time, a distinct concept of racial awareness, at a time secular progressives claim there was no concept of race itself. These mating parties or networks, thus seemed to serve two very special functions, both to produce healthy, rich gene pools, but also to maintain group identity and integrity and to function as the organic expression of the race.

First Whites of the Paleolithic Age

In May 2005 bones at Mladec, a site in Moravia in the Czech Republic that was first excavated 100 years ago, was further examined and carbon 14 dated. The research team was led by anthropologists from the Natural History Museum in Vienna, from University of Vienna in Austria and from the Washington University, USA. They accomplished the first successful direct dating of the remains. Others had failed. According to Science Daily: “The Mladec remains are universally accepted as those of early modern humans. However, there has been an ongoing debate as to whether they exhibit also distinctive features, indicative of some degree of Neanderthal ancestry, or morphologically aligned solely with recent humans and therefore document only a dispersal of modern humans into Europe.” The bones were found to be 31,000 years old. The findings correspond with dates from other sites throughout Western and Eastern Europe that yielded artifacts linked to the Aurignacian culture. Those discoveries date from between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. The Mladec find, however, represents an entire community of early Europeans consisting of dozens of individuals. This is hard evidence for a long-standing biological presence of our race in Europe at a very early time. Even more significant, experts have traced the actual emergence of the White race to remote antiquity. According to this study, our race entered Europe in a vast migration from the steppes of Western Asia 65,000 – 40,000 years ago.

Negroids in Western Asia in Prehistory?

In her book Ancestral Journeys: The Peopling of Europe From The First Venturers to the Vikings, author Jean Manco mentions a find that has recently re-surfaced in Russia, that sheds some light on the early demographics of Europe. This site known as Kostenki 14, is part of a vast complex of archaeological sites located in the Don River valley. Manco writes:

At this site a complete skeleton of an ancient man was found. Recent radiocarbon dating to between 38,700 and 36,200 years ago has made his the earliest Homo sapiens skull found in Europe. The characteristic differences between the skulls of various hominids places him within our species. Now that his remains have yielded a large amount of DNA, the man from Kostenki 14 can tell us more. He shares a close ancestry with later European hunter-gatherers, but also with a 24,000 year old boy from Mal’ta in central Siberia. His Y-DNA turned out to be haplogroup C1, almost unknown in Europe today, while his mtDNA haplogroup was U2. This ancient man’s DNA is even more closely related to those living in modern Africa. In fact, he is not alone. Many Paleolithic European specimens exhibit the same connection with currently existing negroid populations. This is also seen in a strong morphological resemblance to Negroes as seen in the facial reconstruction of the Kostenki 14 remains. The only thing to conclude is that in remote prehistory, Europe had a number of distinct racial populations in the remote past.”

Oldest Europoid Skull Ever Found

In 1959, Northern Greece became the location of a discovery that challenged the idea of common African origins. There, a 700,000 year old skull, “Petralona Man,” was found resembling that of the earlier hominid species known as Homo Erectus with a few notable differences: it is the oldest hominid that exhibits identifiable Europoid or, in other words, Caucasian or white European features, and pre-dates Neanderthals at nearly 1 m/y old. It is a separate species, and suggests an independent line of evolution, separate from that proposed to exist in Africa. Dr. Aris Poulianos, a tenured anthropologist and member of the UNESCO’s International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences and founder of the Anthropological Association of Greece, was assigned a research team to study the cave and skull. Dr. Poulianos had received previous recognition for his thesis on “The origin of the Greeks”. This thesis was based on craniological and anthropometrical studies of Modern Greek populations, which proved that Greeks are in fact a genetically distinct people and indigenous to Greece itself and did descend from parent Slavic tribes as previously believed. His conclusion regarding the 700,000-year-old skull, was that the “Petralona man” was part of an independent line of evolution, not a descendant of a species that came out of Africa, but a direct ancestor to Europeans and Europeans alone. His arguments were based on good anatomy and excellent racial science. They included the skull’s almost perfect orthography, the shape of its dental arch, and the occipital bone construction. What makes this find significant is its uniquely European features at the staggering age of 700,000 B.P. Being older than the oldest known Neanderthal, this calls into question the current paradigm of mankind’s evolution.

Evidence Shifts from Africa to Europe as Hotspot of Evolution

On August 31 2017, Uppsala University posted an article in Science Daily:

Newly discovered human-like footprints from Crete may put the established narrative of early human evolution to the test. The footprints are approximately 5.7 million years old and were made at a time when previous research puts ours ancestors in Africa – with ape-like feet.”

The article continues to say:

Human feet have a very distinctive shape, different from all other land animals. The combination of a long sole, five short forward-pointing toes without claws, and a hallux (“big toe”) that is larger than the other toes, is unique. The feet of our closest relatives, the great apes, look more like a human hand with a thumb-like hallux that sticks out to the side. The Laetoli footprints, thought to have been made by Australopithecus [“Southern Ape of Africa”, supposedly one of our ancestors], are quite similar to those of modern humans except that the heel is narrower and the sole lacks a proper arch. By contrast, the 4.4 million year old Ardipithecus ramidus from Ethiopia, the oldest hominin known from reasonably complete fossils, has an ape-like foot. The researchers who described Ardipithecus argued that it is a direct ancestor of later hominins, implying that a human-like foot had not yet evolved at that time. The new footprints, from Trachilos in western Crete, have an unmistakably human-like form.”

In the past decade, there has been an explosion of discoveries which are overturning nearly three decades of Out of Africa dogmatism. This footprint, then, is the oldest humanlike footprint ever found anywhere in the world, including outside Africa. It has widely believed that the Laetoli footprints found in East Africa were exemplary of our prehuman ancestors, and much to the chagrin of those in support of the Out of Africa Theory, the Crete footprints actually matched human frootprints more closely and were far older. Australian historian Greg Jeffreys writes:

The whole Our of Africa Theory has its roots in the mainstream academic campaign in the 1990s to remove the concept of Race. When I did my degree they all spent on the Out of Africa thing buts it’s been completely disproved by genetics. Mainstream still holds on to it.” (Sepehr 20-21)

Out of Africa Both Supported & Debunked on Grounds of Genetics

Geneticist Anatole A. Klyosov and a number of other distinguished Russian scientists put together a paper entitled Re-Examining the “Out of Africa” Theory and the Origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids) in Light of DNA Genealogy. The study offers a growing body of evidence in support of multiregional origins, even the polygenesis model for the origin of humankind. It offered clear proof that Europeans did not descend from Africans, or an Out-of-Africa migration. Furthermore, it places the point of origin for the White race somewhere between Central Europe in the West and West-Central Russia in the East and as far south as the Levant. To clarify their position, the writers of the paper, Dr. Kylosov and Igor L. Rozhanskii concluded as follows:

The finding that the Europeoid haplogroups did not descend from “African” haplogroups A or B is supported by the fact that bearers of the Europeoid haplogroups, as well as all non-African haplogroups do not carry either SNPs M91, P97, M31, P82, M23, M114, P262, M32, M59, P289, P291, P102, M13, M171, M118 (haplogroup A and its subclades SNPs) or M60, M181, P90 (haplogroup B), as it was shown recently in “Walk through Y” FTDNA Project (the reference is incorporated therein) on several hundred people from various haplogroups . . . Thanks largely in part to geneticists, the “Out of Africa” concept was popularized during the last two decades, yet it was never directly proven; however, for many specialists its appeal was undeniably convincing. The concept was based primarily on the premise that Africa possesses the highest variability, or variance, of the human DNA and its segments. Set apart, it is not a strong argument because a mix of different DNA lineages also results in a high variability and, as we show below, it is largely what occurs in Africa. Moreover, a genomic gap exists between some Africans and non-Africans, which has also been interpreted as an argument that the latter descended from Africans. A more plausible interpretation might have been that both current Africans and non-Africans descended separately from a more ancient common ancestor, thus forming a proverbial fork. A region where this downstream common ancestor arose would not necessarily be in Africa. In fact, it was never proven that he lived in Africa. Research into this question has served as the basis for and the subject of our work. We have found that a great diversity of Y chromosomal haplotypes in Africa is a result of the mixing of several very distant lineages, some of them not necessarily African, and that Europeiods (at least) do not contain “African” SNPs (those of haplogroups A or B). These important findings put a proverbial dent in the “Out of Africa” theory.”

Forgotten Cradles of the White Race

A discovery in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia, made a few decades ago, is yet another fossil found in the vicinity of Europe, that links a major phase in human evolution to Europe, not Africa. This discovery is a portion of a skull that exhibits features similar to a Homo Habilis. What perplexed those who found the skull was the fact that a very primitive hominid species, which was 3.7 million years old, had been found in Europe at a time prior to the supposed colonization of the Old World by Homo Erectus. According to mainstream science, 3.7 mil­lion years ago was the time of Lucy, a more primitive hominid called Australopithecus; more advanced hominid species were not in Europe at that time. (Gore 2002)

This find in Georgia suggests that Europe played a pivotal role in the evolution of the human species and that many of us share a direct lineage from Europe. The Dmanisi fossils have not been conclusively identified, but they may be an earlier form of Homo erectus, or possibly a new species, Homo georgicus. It now seems possible that the first of our species to become a habitual upright walker did so in Eurasia, in a region whose climate at the time, 3.7 million years ago, was similar to that of modern-day Europe. (Gore 2002)

The accepted paradigm of human evolution, maintained for half a century, says that fully evolved specimens of Homo erectus left Africa over a million years ago to establish themselves throughout Europe and Asia. But the Dmanisi finds change all of that. Now it seems that more primitive forms of hominids made it as far as Europe and the Caucuses, and once there continued to evolve into more modern forms.

It would have seemed preposterous just a few short years ago to even suggest that Europe, not Africa, could play such a decisive role in human evolution or that the birthplace of the Proto-Indo-Europeans could also be the nursery of our human ancestor. And this is largely due, not to scientific concerns, but to the hold political correctness has on scientific correctness, as Robert Sepehr reminds us.

Neanderthals and the Mythical Atlantis

An excavation by Ralph Solecki and his team from Columbia University from 1957 to 1961 yielded the first adult Neanderthal skeletons in northern Iraq, dating to approximately 80,000 BCE to 60,000 BCE. Located in the Zagros Mountains near Kurdistan, these burials contained what appeared to be carefully laid-out human remains and grave goods, including bear skulls, which launched speculation about possible Neanderthal bear cults. In Santa Claus, Last of the Wild Men, Phyllis Siefker says, “Some of these bear skulls had little stones arranged around them; others were set on slabs; one very carefully placed, had the long bones of a cave bear (no doubt its own) placed beneath its snout; another had the long bones pushed through the orbits of its eyes” (Siefker 1997, 193). In The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, Joseph Campbell makes mention of bear-worship in Europe dating from about 75,000 BCE among lateNeanderthal populations, to 30,000 BCE with the Cro-Magnons (Campbell 1959, 123).

Religious artifacts produced by the Neanderthal’s successors, the Cro-Magnon, including their beautiful cave paintings, displayed mixed human and animal imagery and symbolism that reflected the concept of a god or goddess. This in itself allows for speculation and wonder. Even though the hard evidence has yet to be revealed, these finds indi­cate that some sort of religious activity took place among these prehis­toric people. If this is so, it is not hard to imagine a primitive human community seeking shelter from the cold.

During the Mesolithic period, 11,000–10,000 BCE, a number of advances were made, including the growth of populations and the dis­persal of archaic peoples to even more remote regions of the world. This age ended with the proto-Neolithic period, in which a limited agricul­tural technology prevailed. This was a pivotal moment in the evolution of the human race.

The Mesolithic period brought new innovation and an increas­ingly sedentary lifestyle for many peoples in India, the Near East, and Europe. China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia experienced similar evolutionary adaptations. Some of the protomegalithic monuments found in Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, and France date to this transi­tional period, though they were not as fully developed as those of the Neolithic period. Two such examples include Stonehenge (England, circa 8000 BCE) and Carrowmore (Ireland, circa 5400 BCE). Around 9000 BCE, the short-lived Mesolithic cultures of Europe were sup­planted by the proto-Neolithic cultures; they began in the Near East and spread throughout the west.

In the 1950s, Lithuanian-American archaeologist Marija Gimbutas first presented her Kurgan theory of the origins of the Indo-Europeans: that a matriarchal, Neolithic civilization of pre-Aryans lived in Europe before the invasion of Indo-European tribes in the third millennium BCE. She describes this race in her book Goddesses and Gods of Old The Earliest Europeans 137 Europe. The lost civilization of pre-Aryans covered the lands of what are now Poland, Ukraine, Slovakia, the Balkans, and northern Greece. These people established the first cities in Europe and made advances in primitive tribal law, but most important, they laid the foundations for a permanent religion (Gimbutas 1982, 1).

Gimbutas was drawn to the idea of her own native region of Lithuania as a possible northern frontier of the Old European civili­zation. In examining the archaeology of the area, she found evidence of a matriarchy, complete with a bird goddess and a bear goddess. She believed that feminine cults and goddess worshippers dominated all of Neolithic Europe. In this author’s opinion, these artifacts are remnants of a vanished Europe that we have long since forgotten. (These ideas have found a following among certain groups of feminists as well as the feminine faction of the Wicca faith, a form of reconstructed paganism, or neopaganism.)

In Old Europe proper—in the Balkans, Adriatic, and Aegean, as well as nearby Eastern Europe—an upsurge in creativity and imagina­tion led to more complex deities. The Neanderthals, after they evolved, ruled Europe for over two hundred thousand years. They truly were the first Europeans, and they were uniquely adapted to its cold climate, especially the frigid centuries of the European ice ages. A November 30, 2007, article in Science details variations in skin color, eye color, and hair type among the main classic Neanderthal populations, indicating they were as diverse in physical characteristics as modern humans. The article’s abstract explains:

The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) regulates pigmentation in humans and other vertebrates. Variants of MC1R with reduced function are associated with pale skin color and red hair in humans of primarily European origin. We amplified and sequenced a frag­ment of the MC1r gene (mc1r) from two Neanderthal remains. Both specimens have a mutation that was not found in modern humans analyzed. Function analyses show that this variant reduces MC1R activity to a level that alters hair and/or skin pig­mentation in humans. The impaired activity of this variant suggests that Neanderthals varied in pigmentation levels, potentially on the scale observed in modern humans. Our data suggest that inactive MC1R variants evolved independently in both modern humans and Neanderthals (Lalueza-Fox et al. 2007).

British anthropologist Chris Stringer was one of the first to cham­pion the “Out of Africa” theory. Both Stringer and his theory were mentioned previously: that modern peoples originated in Africa and then displaced all other peoples of the world. Stringer, in an interview with NOVA, explained, “If we look at the fossil record, Africa is the place that has the oldest modern humans, and so Africa, I think, is our original homeland. Within the last 100,000 years, from that homeland, our ancestors dispersed across the world. They replaced archaic peoples, and gave rise to the people we find everywhere today” (NOVA 1997).

Australian anthropologist Alan Thorne strongly disagrees. He believes that isolated populations of Homo erectus evolved locally into what we now consider Homo sapiens. Thorne says:

I think we all agree that there’s an Out of Africa, but I feel strongly that Out of Africa has to be at least a million years ago. So, you know, since that time, over the last million years, with people in Africa and Asia, Europe and Southeast Asia, various populations are making their own adaptations to different environments and landscapes, but all are the same evolving and expand­ing species” (NOVA 1997).

Thorne envisions human evolution on a grand scale: Homo erec­tus spreading and evolving into the modern races of today in Europe, Asia, and most certainly Africa. Between three hundred thousand and thirty thousand years ago, the Neanderthals ruled as absolute masters of their domain. Scientists are now becoming aware of the unique role Neanderthals played in modern human evolution. The Neanderthal The Earliest Europeans 139 genome has been mapped, and it seems that about 4 percent of our DNA comes from Neanderthals. Many of the features of these early people hint at a common heritage. But more than a decade ago, such revelations were yet to come. Chris Stringer voiced the typical views of the day:

The Neanderthals had a long and successful evolutionary history. They evolved and survived in Europe over a period of at least 200,000 years. But in that time, they also developed their own special features, and these occur through the skeleton, but in par­ticular, they are concentrated in the face. The face is dominated by the nose, a very large and projecting nose, and the whole middle of the face is poured forwards, taking with it the teeth, as well. And for me, this, in particular, marks them off as something different, probably a different species from us. And this is difficult to grasp, in a sense, because we’re saying they were human beings; there’s no doubt about that. And yet, they were different kinds of human beings, different from us, not part of our lineage, not our ancestors (NOVA 1997).

Alan Thorne countered in a PBS interview:

When we look at the bones of the Neanderthals and other peoples, it’s easy to see the differences. But as living people with flesh on those bones, those differences would have been much less signifi­cant or noticeable. I mean, today, there are people of extraordinarily different physical characteristics: different skin colors, different face and eye shape, different hair forms that meet, marry and have chil­dren. When I look at Europeans, I see the evidence of that mixed Neanderthal parentage. So, Neanderthals must be a part of our spe­cies. They must be a part of us [Europeans] (NOVA 1997).

Amidst all of this debate, something quite unexpected happened in the study of these first Europeans. On Tuesday, April 21, 1999, BBC News reported: “A hybrid skeleton showing features of both Neanderthal and early modern humans has been discovered, challenging the theory that our ancestors drove Neanderthals to extinction.” The skeleton was of a young boy and it was found in Portugal. Erik Trinkaus of Washington University further stated: “This skeleton, which has some characteris­tics of Neanderthals, and that of early modern humans, demonstrates that early modern humans and Neanderthals are not all that different. They intermixed, interbred and produced offspring” (BBC News 1999).

In early 2010, DNA testing at the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary

Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, was undertaken in an effort to settle the Neanderthal/modern human hybrid theory. It was based on the collection of material found in Croatia during the 1980s. According to Gina Gomez, reporting for the Thaindian News: “A sample, the size of a small pill, was dug out from the center of an almost 38000 year old bone. This sample was then grounded and the powder was mixed with chemicals to release the DNA of the bone fragments. Small frag­ments of the DNA samples had to be multiplied a million times, only then could the scientists in Leipzig arrive at the conclusion” (Gomez 2010). Subsequent to this initial attempt to determine ancestry, the Neanderthal genome was successfully mapped and compared to modern humans. It now seems definite that Neanderthals and members of our own species mixed and produced offspring, and many Europeans, even peoples from other populations entirely, can now trace their ancestry to this group of hybrids.

Neanderthals are often depicted in modern art as having dark, matted hair, swarthy skin, and dark eyes. Genetic testing now indi­cates that Neanderthals were in fact fair-skinned and freckled, and had ginger or even blond hair. Their eye-color was predominately green or grayish blue.

In February 2010 a team of Polish scientists announced that they unearthed what they believed to be three Neanderthal teeth from Stajna Cave on the north side of the Carpathian Mountains. The teeth are similar to those of modern humans, indicating how close both species are to one another. Hammers made out of deer antlers were also discovered, and scattered around the area were the bones of woolly rhinoceros and woolly mammoths. Flint tools were also found throughout the site. From these discoveries, scientists can glean much about the eating habits, environment, and technology of these ancient peoples (Science News 2010). Even if the Neanderthals of one hun­dred thousand years ago were nothing more than primitive hunters, with only a slight inclination toward creativity, innovation, and inde­pendent thought, it still seems appropriate to think of them as some­thing else, something more likeus.

In Atlantis and the Kingdom of the Neanderthals, Colin Wilson reports on an excavation in 1989 conducted by a group of Israeli archae­ologists, led by Professor Naama Goren-Inbar. They discovered a price­less relic from the age of the Neanderthals:

It was a part of a planned and polished wooden plank, ten inches long and half as wide. It had obviously been ripped out of a larger plank, and the digger had cracked it across the middle. On its lower side, the plank was slightly convex and had obviously not been planed or polished. What was odd about the find? Only that the layer from which it came was half a million years old, the time Peking Man, who belonged to a species of early man—the first “true man”—called homo erectus. Presumably their brain was about half the size of modern man’s. Yet they had made this polished plank, which Professor Goren-Inbar confessed that she was unable to explain (Wilson 2006, 270).

Wilson cites a number of examples in which brave scholarly indi­viduals suggested that there was something more to the Neanderthals’ culture than previously thought. Stan Gooch, for instance, proposed that Neanderthals were the first “stargazers.” This idea was presented in Gooch’s book Cities of Dreams: The Rich Legacy of Neanderthal Man Which Shaped Our Civilization. According to Wilson (2006, 272), “This book challenges the orthodox view that nothing worth the name of civilization existed prior to the last Ice Age and the subsequent emer­gence of modern man some 30,000 years ago.” Wilson also mentions that Gooch inferred that the religion of the Neanderthals included a moon worship cult of immense sophistication. Finally, “Homo sapiens, he said, were not an evolutionary leap” beyond Cro-Magnon man, but only a gentle step from Neanderthal” (Wilson 2006, 275).

CONCLUSIONS

The story of the first Europeans is the story of our Western origins. It was the nations of Europe that went on to subdue and civilize the entire world. Without the evolutionary edge the earliest Europeans initially had, the history and fate of the world would have been quite different. By examining who the Neanderthals were, and what ulti­mately happened to them, provides guidance for us as a species. It pre­pares us for the task ahead, which is to survive and evolve into the splendid greatness that awaits us. The study of other races within the confines of Europe shows us that we are merely a link in a chain that goes back 800,000 years—and we are only now beginning to fully understand the significance of that heritage, a legacy as inexplicable as the evolutionary process itself.


Source Article from http://www.renegadetribune.com/geneticists-decode-european-genome/

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