James Cameron waits for calm weather before dive to Mariana Trench

Cameron, who is 6ft 2ins tall, will have to spend several hours standing
hunched in a space around 3ft wide as he controls the movement of his diving
capsule The Deepsea Challenger.

Weighing nearly 11 tons and almost 24ft tall, the vehicle has been extensively
tested in both manned and unmanned dives over the past few months.

Speaking to National
Geographic
, who have sponsored the expedition, Cameron said
his team have already sent the specially built submarine on an unmanned trip
to Challenger Deep, and it returned unscathed.

“We did some test launches and recoveries, and we did an unpiloted dive
of the vehicle,” he said.

Earlier in the week retired US Navy Captain Walsh said the team were ready to
make the dive but were waiting for the “weather gods” to provide
the right conditions.

He said: “The sub, its team and the mother ship are all ready to go, and
we only wait for the ‘weather gods’ to favour us.”

Cameron’s descent to the bottom of the Mariana Trench is expected to take him
90 minutes at a speed of around 500 feet per minute.

The Deepsea Challenger has been specially designed to stay upright and spin as
it descends, allowing it to dive so quickly.

At the deepest point, the pressure on the vessel will be more than 1,000 times
greater than at the surface. A custom-built foam filling and thick metal
will protect Cameron.

Once in the trench, Cameron is expected to spend up to six hours there filming
with 3D cameras and collecting samples.

The submersible vehicle has been equipped with a robotic claw, a vacuum tube
for sucking up small sea creatures and a number of sensors.

He will also rendezvous with a phone-box sized lander that will have been
dropped into the trench hours before his dive.

Using sonar, “I’m going to attempt to rendezvous with that vehicle so I
can observe animals that are attracted to the chemical signature of its bait,”
Cameron said.

A carefully planned route through the trench will allow the director to survey
the sediment-covered floor and cliffs.

During his time at the bottom, Cameron’s only communication with the world
above will be via text messages and sporadic voice communication due to
constraints on battery power.

Finally he will jettison steel weights attached to the submersible, allowing
the vehicle to shoot back to the surface.

To prepare for the dive Cameron has been running several miles each day and
practicing yoga to increase his flexibility.

It is hoped that the 3D images that Cameron manages to capture during the dive
will provide scientists with a glimpse of new life that exists at these
extreme depths.

Tracks and burrows in the silky mud at the bottom could reveal important
details about the ecosystem, and if the water’s clear, jelly fish and giant
single celled creatures called xenophyophores could be visible.

“If we get lucky,” Cameron said, “we should find something like
a cold seep, where we might find tube worms.” Cold seeps are regions of
the ocean floor somewhat like hydrothermal vents that ooze fluid chemicals
at the same temperature as the surrounding water.

Expedition astrobiologist Kevin Hand, of NASA, imagines that the life-forms
Cameron might encounter could help fine-tune the search for extraterrestrial
life.

For instance, scientists think Jupiter’s moon Europa could harbour a global
ocean beneath its thick shell of ice – an ocean that, like Challenger Deep,
would be lightless, near freezing, and home to areas of intense pressure.

The preparation should be worth it, according to Andy Bowen, project manager
and principal developer of the Nereus, a remotely operated vehicle (ROV)
that explored Challenger Deep in 2009.

The Mariana Trench dive, Bowen said, should be “an important and bold
evolutionary step forward in terms of human explorations of the oceans.”

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