More Than 1,000 Dolphins Dead in Northern Peru
Since January – Acoustic Trauma? Biotoxins? Natural Causes?
© 2012 by Linda Moulton Howe
“The dolphin broken inner ear bones are consistent with
injuries that would have been caused by military sonar and apparently
could be caused by the seismic activity exploration done by oil companies.”
– Hardy Jones, BlueVoice.org
These dead dolphins were photographed in April 2012, after four months of
persistent and unexplained die-offs
on the beaches between Pimentel and Lambayeque
north of Chiclayo and San Jose, Peru. Image © 2012 by AP, Nestor Salvatierra.
Above: The red marker shows the location of the fishing village, San Jose, and larger Chiclayo
a little east of San Jose. Below: An enlargement of Chiclayo and San Jose and the beach
area between Pimentel and Lambayeque where about 1,000 common dolphins and a
few Burmeister porpoises have continued to wash up dead from January ongoing in
May 2012, with necropsy evidence of acoustic trauma from loud underwater sounds.
May 24, 2012 St. Augustine, Florida – Since early February 2012, about 1,000 dolphins have washed up on the beaches between Pimentel and Lambayeque near Chiclayo and the fishing village of San Jose. One veterinarian has discovered cracked and broken ear bones consistent with acoustic trauma in the dead dolphins – but what is the underwater source of explosive sounds that could damage so many dolphins and a few Burmeister porpoises?
Also some dead sea lions, 1,500 brown pelicans and cormorants along the same beaches and as far south as Lima were found in April to May, but why exactly? Peru’s government declared a health alert along the northern coastline on May 5, 2012, and warned residents and tourists to keep off those beaches with so many questions about what was happening to not only the seabirds, but the dying dolphins in same region. The educated speculation about the seabirds and sea lions is that an emerging El Nino changed ocean water temperatures and emptied normal food currents that the birds and sea lions depended upon. So those creatures allegedly starved to death. But that does not explain the healthy-looking dolphins that continued to wash up dead between the end of January into May 2012 and persisting.
Dead pelicans are displayed by conservationists at Reventazon beach,
close to the Illescas peninsula in Piura, Peru, north of San Jose and Chiclayo
on April 27, 2012. Image © 2012 by Heinze Plenge, Reuters.
Dr. Carlos Yaipen Llano, President of Lima, Peru’s Organization for Research and Conservation of Aquatic Animals was contacted in February by Hardy Jones, Founder and Executive Director of BlueVoice.org dedicated to saving dolphins and whales and protecting the oceans. For three decades, Jones has been a journalist and documentary filmmaker who has received many awards for his more than seventy films about dolphins, whales and the oceans.
I recently talked with Hardy Jones about his first confirmation by phone with Dr. Yaipen Llanos, D.V.M., about the dying dolphins and Hardy’s decision to have BlueVoice.org finance an onsite investigation with necropsies on the Peruvian beaches where the mysterious deaths are ongoing.
Interview:
Play MP3 interview.
Hardy Jones, 68, Dolphin Documentary Filmmaker, Author and Executive Director, BlueVoice.org, St. Augustine, Florida: “I called up a fellow I know who is a marine mammal veterinarian in Peru: Dr. Carlos Yaipen Llanos. And he heads an organization called ORCA. I said to him, ‘Look, are there dead dolphins down there or not?’ And he said, ‘I’ve got a guy on the ground who says there’s a thousand dead dolphins.’
ORCA staff attempting to recover beached dolphin on
Peruvian coast north of San Jose, Peru.
So I immediately purchased an airplane ticket and flew down to Peru. I met Carlos. We took an overnight bus up to Chiclayo, which is near San Jose. We rented a 4-wheel-drive vehicle and along with three members of his ORCA team, we drove 135 kilometers north of the town of San Jose, a fishing village.
WHAT DATE WOULD THIS BE?
That was February 26, 2012. As we drove along, we started to count. Initially, there’s a dolphin. Then we’d go a few miles and there was a dolphin. There’s another dolphin. People were just crying out, ‘Dolphin! Delphin!’
By the time we had covered 135 kilometers (84 miles), we had personally had eyeballs on 615 dead dolphins. The vast majority were common dolphins. For a person such as myself, who has spent so many years in the wild with free, healthy, happy dolphins, it was devastating to see them strewn like driftwood along the beach.
On right, Carlos Yaipen Llanos, D.V.M. with Peru’s ORCA
with Hardy Jones, Exec. Dir. of BlueVoice.org, examining baby common dolphin,
one of over a thousand dolphins found dead since January 2012, on beaches near San Jose
and Chiclayo, Peru. Dr. Yaipen Llanos has done several necropsies, found broken ear
bones and bubbling livers that indicate to him the dolphins suffered acoustic trauma
from some explosive sound that likely caused the marine mammals to panic
and rush too rapidly to the surface for air. Image courtesy Hardy Jones.
Carlos Yaipen Llanos, D.V.M. from Peru’s ORCA beginning a necropsy on
a dead dolphin near San Jose, Peru, as EcoPolice woman watches.
Image © February 2012 by ORCA.
AT THAT POINT WAS PERU IN ANY OFFICIAL CAPACITY DOING NECROPSIES ON THESE DOLPHINS?
I would say at that point they were not. And one of the reasons why is because it’s very difficult to get onto that beach. We had to drive along actually in the waterline with water splashing over us for a large part of the time we were on the beach. Eventually we were driven off of the beach by the rising tide.
So there had been very little substantive investigation into what was going on with the dolphins until BlueVoice.org funded this trip and Dr. Yaipen Llanos began to take samples and brought them back to Lima for testing.
Hardy Jones standing as ORCA team member helps Dr. Yaipen Llanos (brown hat)
examine a dead dolphin on beach north of San Jose, Peru,
in February 2012. Image courtesy Hardy Jones.
WHAT WOULD HAVE BEEN THE FIRST DATE THAT YOU AND YOUR MEDICAL COLLEAGUE WOULD HAVE HAD NECROPSY RESULTS, HARD DATA, ON THE DOLPHINS YOU SAMPLED FROM IN FEBRUARY?
Well, a lot of it is process of elimination that takes time. We didn’t find this; therefore, I don’t think it is Morbillivirus.
[ Editor’s Note: Morbillivirus is a type of virus that causes serious disease in several species of animals and in people. There have been several major die-offs among marine mammals caused by morbilliviruses in recent years. The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association recently implicated morbillivirus infection as the primary cause of the 1987-1988 U. S. Atlantic coast bottlenose dolphin die-off. Thousands of the marine mammals died.]
We didn’t find any trace of Brucella nor any symptoms that would be associated with it. So, for the moment, we are ruling that out.
[ Editor’s Note: Brucella in whales and dolphins – A genus of bacteria that infect many terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates around the world. First recognized in marine animals in the 1990s, the significance level of Brucella in marine animals is still unknown.]
Evidence of Acoustic Trauma
and Tissue Damage
But what Dr. Yaipen Llanos discovered very quickly were broken periotic bones, which are the inner ear bones. And he found that when he cut into the fresh dolphins that were on the beach – say within 24 hours of our arrival on February 26, 2012 – he cut into the livers and they would bubble. This froth would come out of them. So over the course of time, he came to the conclusion that this was acoustic trauma.
Upper left is normal dolphin liver tissue. Lower right the white bubbles
have replaced normal tissue. Speculation is that the dead dolphins tried
to get away from explosive underwater sound so rapidly that the marine
mammals suffered “bends” as they rose to the surface to escape and breathe.
Photomicrograph © 2012 by Carlos Yaipen Llanos, D.V.M.
[ Editor’s Note: Bends – The deeper a mammal goes, more and more nitrogen enters the body. The bends occurs when a diver rises too rapidly from the depths of the ocean or doesn’t make decompression stops. This causes the nitrogen in the bloodstream to expand and can make a diver very sick and cause severe pain. The bends causes bubbles to form in the body. Dolphins are adapted to adjust to depth and normally do not accumulate bubbles in their tissues. ]
A large bubble is compressing a vein and artery in this dolphin’s
bladder. Photomicrograph © 2012 by Carlos Yaipen Llanos, D.V.M.
The jaw blubber of this baby Burmeister porpoise is spread
by bubbles. The blood vessels show congestion and hemorrhage.
Photomicrograph © 2012 by Carlos Yaipen Llanos, D.V.M.
[ Editor’s Note: Dolphin Ears – The ear of the dolphin is hardly visible as there is no flaps or lobes, with only a pinhole opening on either side of the head and just behind the eye. Instead of using the ear, a dolphin makes use of a highly developed acoustic faculty to hear sounds with high frequencies between 75 Hz and 150 kHz. The optimum sensitivity of the dolphins for sounds is between 40 and 70 kHz.
The well developed acoustic ability is attributed to the auditory system found in the brain of a dolphin. The auditory system of dolphins is more strongly developed than the auditory system of humans, as seen in the fact that the dolphin auditory nerve has double the amount of nerve fibres compared to the human auditory nerve.
Sound is transmitted to the dolphin’s middle ear via the blubber and the lower jaw. Blubber is mainly fats and the lower jaw is filled with fatty tissues. Since fats can conduct sound well, both the blubber and the lower jaw are good conductors of sound.
The dolphins have middle ear cavities that are independently suspended and surrounded by air-filled spaces, reducing the contact with the bones. This probably helps in directional hearing. The middle ear functions to stiffen the sound transmission system, optimizing it for high frequencies and also helps to balance the pressure between the inner ear and the external environment.]
I’M CURIOUS IF DR. YAIPEN LLANOS HAS SEEN SIMILAR BROKEN DOLPHIN INNER EAR BONES ASSOCIATED WITH A KNOWN EVENT IN THE OCEAN?
The dolphin broken inner ear bones are consistent with injuries that would have been caused by military sonar and apparently could be caused by the seismic activity exploration done by oil companies. And the damage to the internal organs of the dolphins apparently comes from their very rapid ascent from depths.
COULD YOU EXPLAIN WHY THE DOLPHINS WOULD DO THAT? PANIC?
Yes, a dolphin uses sonar, uses sound, the ways humans use their eyes. So if you hit a dolphin with a very loud noise, that essentially blinds the dolphin. And if they were blinded at depth, I believe they would head for the surface where their air supply is.
BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT WATER BREATHERS, THEY ARE AIR BREATHERS, AND IF THEY ARE SUDDENLY SHOCKED UNDER THE WATER BY SOME EXPLOSIVE SOUND THAT BLINDS THEM, DISORIENTS THEM, THEY WOULD IMMEDIATELY AS FAST AS POSSIBLE HEAD FOR THE SURFACE FOR AIR.
Yes.
Oil and Gas Offshore Exploration?
There are many people who want to blame it on the oil companies and no matter what you tell them, they are going to say it’s the oil companies. There are allegations of rogue seismic testing undersea in the area of the dolphin deaths. But the source is still a mystery. It occurred over a very long period of time beginning in January 2012. As far as I heard from Carlos Yaipen Llanos this morning (May 14, 2012), the die-off is continuing.
Military Underwater Explosions?
ANY EVIDENCE, CIRCUMSTANTIAL OR OTHERWISE, THAT THERE HAVE BEEN SOME KIND OF MILITARY OPERATIONS WITH THE U. S. OR ANY OTHER NATION OFF THE COAST OF NORTHERN PERU THAT MIGHT EXPLAIN WHY THERE WOULD BE ACOUSTIC DAMAGE?
No, I am not aware of anything of that kind taking place. And furthermore, the conundrum we are in is that it has taken place over such a long period of time. If it were a military exercise, it will go on for a week, two weeks. But it certainly doesn’t go on for four months. It’s still something that the source or cause of this is something that is unknown at this point.
Undersea Volcanic Eruptions?
IF THERE WERE SOME UNDERGROUND EXPLOSION IN THE OCEAN THAT WE WERE NOT AWARE OF, IT COULD BE LINKED TO THIS DAMAGE IN THE DOLPHIN BONES WHERE THEY HEAR?
Yes, any huge undersea noise – depending upon the proximity to the dolphins – could have a catastrophic impact on them. That includes volcanic activity that has been known to cause dolphins to strand.
IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE OF UNDERSEA VOLCANOES THAT HAVE BEEN GOING OFF ON A REGULAR BASIS FROM JANUARY TO MAY 2012?
Just before I arrived there, there was a 5.4 quake, or something like that. I’m not aware that it is ongoing.
Political Suppression of Facts?
THE DOLPHINS AND THE BURMEISTER PORPOISES – THERE HAVE BEEN AT LEAST 1,000 TO 3,000 DEAD SINCE JANUARY 2012. IF THE NECROPSIES ARE NOT AGREED UPON BY ALL LABORATORY EXPERTS, WHY WOULD THAT BE?
What you have is the Peruvian government making their efforts to investigate this, but they have a lot of interests at stake.
YOU’RE TALKING ABOUT COMMERCIAL INTERESTS IN THE GAS AND OIL INDUSTRIES AND OTHERS THAT DO NOT WANT A FINGER POINTED AT THEM AS THE CAUSE OF THIS MASSIVE DIE-OFF?
There are interests and they include the oil industry, but it also includes the fishing industry. The oil industry would not want to be blamed for the seismic exploration that had done this (deaths) to so many dolphins. The fishing industry would not want disease or toxins such as red tide. That was one of the theories at one point, but no evidence to support that idea. The commercial fishing industry would not want it out there that there was a red tide that could have been picked up by fish and therefore, you should not buy their fish.
So there are, on the government side – as there always are in governments – sides that are pushing for or against a point of view.
SO GETTING TRUTH IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT WHEN IT IS SO POLITICAL AND THAT COMES BACK TO YOUR MEDICAL COLLEAGUE WHO YOU WERE WITH ON FEBRUARY 26TH, DR. YAIPEN-LLANOS, THAT THE WORK HE HAS DONE WITHOUT POLITICAL CONFLICT HAS CONCLUDED THAT ACOUSTIC EXPLOSION WOULD EXPLAIN THE BROKEN BONES AND THAT LIKE DOMINOES FALLING WOULD EXPLAIN WHY THERE WOULD BE INTERNAL LIVER AND OTHER ORGAN DAMAGE BECAUSE THE DOLPHINS WOULD PANIC IN DEEP WATER AND HEAD FOR THE SURFACE AND THAT WOULD DAMAGE THEIR ORGANS.
That is Carlos’s conclusion and he talks about hemorrhagic lesions in the middle, including the acoustic chamber, fractures in the periotic bones, bubbles in the blood coming from the liver and kidneys, lesions in the lungs comparable to pulmonary emphysema, sponge-like liver. He’s got an awful lot of information and he’s the only guy out there who is coming up with this very thorough and very comprehensive data and description of what’s happened based on his doing a huge and heroic amount of work.
HIS MIGHT BE THE ONLY OBJECTIVE DATA THAT IS NOT SUBJECT TO POLITICAL INFLUENCE?
Yes.
THE DOLPHINS THAT HAVE BEEN FOUND DEAD WERE HEALTHY-LOOKING – THE ONES THAT WERE FRESHER, RIGHT? IT WAS NOT LIKE THEY HAD BEEN STARVING. THEY LOOKED LIKE THEY WERE IN GOOD CONDITION UP UNTIL WHATEVER KILLED THEM?
That’s correct. Carlos said they were very healthy-looking. Their skin was in good shape. They didn’t have any kinds of lesions. So they obviously did not starve to death.
SO WE HAVE A SUBSTANTIAL MYSTERY BY THE MIDDLE OF MAY 2012- WHAT HAS HAPPENED OFF THE NORTHERN COAST OF PERU THAT WOULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DIE-OFF OF SOMEWHERE BETWEEN 1,000 AND 3,000 DOLPHINS, LARGELY COMMON DOLPHINS, AND A FEW BURMEISTER PORPOISES.
Yes, it’s a mystery and it’s very important to solve it because there continue to be strandings – dolphins stranding and dying on the beaches.”
Overview from BlueVoice.org in May 2012
As necropsy results have piled up, Dr. Jaipen Llanos thinks there is “unequivocal evidence that the dolphins were killed by an acoustic trauma, such as loud sonar or explosive blasts. Dr. Yaipen Llanos doesn’t identify the source of the trauma, but all other tests (virus, contaminants, parasites ) are not considered factors.”
Necropsies were performed on site and macroscopic findings include:
– Hemorrhagic lesions in the middle ear including the acoustic chamber.
– Fractures in the dolphin hearing periotic bones. So far, there are 12 periotic samples from different animals, all with different degree of fractures – 80% of them with fracture in the right periotic bones consistent with acoustic impact and decompression bends syndrome. The source of the impact was from the right side of the pod, since hemorrhagic internal ear was found in the right side of the stranded dead mammals.
– Bubbles in blood filling liver and kidneys (animals were diving, so the main organs were congested).
– Lesion in the lungs compatible with pulmonary emphysema.
– Sponge-like liver.
BlueVoice.org: “Update 5/18/12: Dynamite has been ruled out as a possible cause. To compare with some of the stranded dolphins, Dr. Llanos examined the remains of healthy dolphins that had been stabbed at sea and eaten by the local fishermen and found ‘intact periotic (ear) bones with no fractures, so it was a good base control sample to compare with previously collected and fractured periotic ear bones from the dead stranded dolphins.
“Before this comparison, we have known that the use of dynamite is common among fishermen and that fishermen are taking the meat of the stranded dolphins. This could be the cause of death in the stranded mammals; however, the signs do not correspond to that of explosive impact in their bodies. We talked with people from the oil industry and they say they haven’t performed any seismic exploration in the area this month. However, here in Peru these companies don’t need to do the seismic assessment themselves.”
May 22, 2012 – Peru Gov’t. Says “Natural Causes” –
Or Maybe Biotoxins? – Killed Dolphins
“However, environmental group Orca said it had tested 30 dead dolphins
and found they had broken ears and damaged organs, consistent with the animals suffering from decompression sickness. Orca has blamed the deaths on the noise and pressure waves caused by explosions it linked to oil exploration in the area.”
BBC News Latin America Caribbean, May 22, 2012.
Carlos Yaipen Llanos, D.V. M.
Comments On Peru Gov’t 80-Page Report
Carlos Yaipen Llanos, D.V.M.: “The Peruvian government has released a report on its research findings of the dolphin mass mortality event (MME): It concludes that there is no conclusion, and accurately, ‘more likely the strandings could be associated to a biotoxin or an emergent disease…but the dolphins did not die by human hand, but due to natural causes.’ The Peru government does not point the causes at all.
“The Peruvian government report is pretty much an historic review of information on strandings and fisheries and a sea of contradictions on sample size, survey dates, testings done, protocol abscence, etc. For many serious media and organization here, it has been an outrageous report trying to fool everyone. In general, the public is really upset with the government at this point. This is specially bad since the government presents such a conclusion after several lies uncovered by the media: morbillivirus isolation, viral infection alert thru fish consumption, the Marine Mammal Center involvement, etc. It is 80 pages of a report that says nothing factual, with no medical science on it.
“So at the end, there are no facts in any of the government reports, and no medical assessment as well as a set of stats numbers with no proof of research conducted at the beach or with the actual dolphins at the stranding site, since the days they mark as their surveys, we were also along the stranding site under very difficult circumstances.”
Other Questions About the Peru Dolphin Die-Off
– Dolphins started washing ashore in early February 2012. At first they looked healthy and were not very decomposed. As time progressed more decomposed carcasses started to show up, mixed with healthy-looking, freshly dead ones. Why such a long time line of persisting fresh deaths?
– There was at least one report that some stranded dolphins in the San Jose beach region in northern Peru were alive. So what exactly killed more than a thousand dolphins from January into May and persisting?
– If toxic-contaminated fish were responsible for the dolphin die-off, why aren’t there a lot of dead fish as well?
More Information:
The Voice of the Dolphins © 2011 by Hardy Jones.
Click here for Amazon.com. Click here for Kindle.
Hardy Jones BlueVoice.org: http://www.bluevoice.org/
For further reports about unexplained marine die-offs, please see Earthfiles Archive.
• 02/24/2012 — 179 Healthy Common Dolphins Have Stranded in Cape Cod Since January 12, 108 Have Died and Cause Still Unknown
• 05/27/2011 — Unprecedented Die-Off of Leopard Sharks in Redwood City, Calif. Bay Area
• 05/26/2011 — Part 1: Gulf Fishermen Finding Sick Fish, Few Crabs and Shrimp
• 03/30/2011 — Corexit and Crude Oil Still in Gulf A Year After BP Disaster; Marine Life Dead and Some People Sick
• 02/23/2011 — Part 1: BP Oil and Corexit Dispersant Still In Gulf of Mexico.
• 01/28/2011 — New Year 2011 – Bird, Fish, Penguin, Crab Deaths and More Corkscrew-Sliced Seals on North Norfolk, England Coast
• 01/06/2011 — Updated: New Year Deaths of Birds, Fish and Crabs Around the World
• 02/25/2010 — Lionfish Invaders Are Eating Up Other Marine Life in Florida Keys, Bahamas and Bermuda
• 11/20/2009 — Red List of Earth Life Facing Extinction Keeps Growing
• 03/06/2009 — Unexplained Stranding of 200 Pilot Whales and Dolphins
• 02/05/2008 — Federal Court Rejects Bush Navy Sonar Exemption
• 02/20/2006 — Mysterious Deaths of Whales in Mexico
• 06/25/2005 — “Junk DNA” That’s Not Junk
• 05/04/1999 — Mysterious Deaths of Harbor Porpoises on East Coast
Websites:
Hardy Jones BlueVoice.org: http://www.bluevoice.org/
BBC, May 22, 2012, “Peru dolphins not killed by oil blasts, says minister”:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18169586
“Mass dolphin deaths in Peru caused by acoustic trauma,” Digital Journal, May 17, 2012:
http://digitaljournal.com/article/325075
“Documented Cases That Possibly Link Seismic Surveys to Strandings: Why It Is Important for Peru’s Marine Life Die-Off,” May 7, 2012:
http://www.pej.org/html/modules.php?op=modloadname=Newsfile=articlesid=9550
ORCA.org: http://www.orca.org.pe/english/aboutorca/ourachievements.htm
“Massive Dolphin Die-Off in Peru May Remain a Mystery,” Scientific American, April 6, 2012:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=massive-dolphin-die-off-in-peru-may-remain-a-mystery
NOAA Fisheries Service: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/
Stonehaven Dolphin Research Trust:
http://www.stonehavendolphinresearch.co.uk/interestingFacts.htm
National Academies Press © 2003 and 2004, “Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals By National Research Council (U.S.)” from Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals: Click here for URL.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Harvard Medical School, “Experimental Measures of Blast and Acoustic Trauma in Marine Mammals,” 2004:
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA457264
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